scholarly journals Interactions between Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria gallica and Betula pendula Seedlings Subjected to Defoliation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Anna Nowakowska ◽  
Marcin Stocki ◽  
Natalia Stocka ◽  
Sławomir Ślusarski ◽  
Miłosz Tkaczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Fluorescence Measurement ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Armillaria Gallica ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this study was to better understand the interactive impact of two soil-borne pathogens, Phytophthora cactorum (as the primary pathogen) and Armillaria gallica (as secondary), on two-year-old seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula) subjected to stress caused by mechanical defoliation simulating primary insect feeding. One year after treatments, the chlorophyll fluorescence measurement and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the photosynthetic activity in leaves, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by birch leaves and chemical compounds from roots. Only the infection of roots by P. cactorum increased photosynthetic rates in the leaves, which may suggest its cryptic development in contrast to fungi. The birch leaves in seedlings exposed to 50% defoliation, inoculation with P. cactorum and A. gallica emitted more aromatic carbonyls and alcohols, as well as half as much aliphatic esters, compared to untreated controls. In infected birch roots, the production of phenols, triterpenes and fatty alcohols increased, but fatty acids decreased. This was the first experimental confirmation of the pathogenicity of P. cactorum on silver birch seedlings in Poland. The most severe damage to roots took place only in the case of two-way or three-way interactions. Higher levels of aromatic carbonyls and alcohols in leaves, as well as phenolic compounds in roots of stressed birches (compared to control) suggest an activation of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR).

scholarly journals Interactions between Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria gallica and Betula pendula Roth. Seedlings Subjected to Defoliation

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Anna Nowakowska ◽  
Marcin Stocki ◽  
Natalia Stocka ◽  
Sławomir Ślusarski ◽  
Miłosz Tkaczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Fluorescence Measurement ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Armillaria Gallica

The purpose of this study was to better understand the interactive impact of two soil-borne pathogens, Phytophthora cactorum and Armillaria gallica, on seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) subjected to stress caused by mechanical defoliation, simulating primary insect feeding. This is the first experimental confirmation of silver birch seedling root damage (and in consequence shoot mortality) caused by the additive effect of defoliation stress and P. cactorum inoculation via soil. However, the most severe damage to roots occurred after A. gallica inoculation. One year after treatments, chlorophyll fluorescence measurement, and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the photosynthetic activity in leaves, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the birch leaves, and chemical compounds from the roots. The cumulative effect of the two pathogens and partial defoliation reduced photosynthetic activity, suggesting dysfunction of photosystem PSII due to the applied stresses. In summary, it seems that the main differences in photosynthetic performance could be attributed to Armillaria infection. The birch leaves in seedlings exposed to 50% defoliation, and inoculation with P.cactorum and A. gallica, emitted more aromatic carbonyls and alcohols, as well as half as much aliphatic esters, compared to controls. In infected birch roots, the production of phenols, triterpenes, and fatty alcohols increased, but fatty acids decreased. Higher levels of aromatic carbonyls and alcohols in leaves, as well as phenolic compounds in the roots of stressed birches (compared to control) suggest an activation of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR).

The influence of neighbours on the growth of trees. I. The demography of buds in Betula pendula

1987 ◽  
Vol 232 (1266) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
The Third ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Branch Size

The growth of primary branches of four-year-old silver birch trees grow­ing close to neighbours was followed over a period of three years. Branches were divided into three groups: those entering closely into each other’s canopy, those growing into zones with no neighbour, and an intermediate category. On each branch the following variables were measured: total number of buds, number of living buds, number of lateral branches, gross and net bud production, and bud mortality. Before the start of the study the trees had been growing without neighbours. There were no significant effects of neighbours after one year of the experiment but by the third year all variables were showing some response. Fewer buds were ‘born’ and a greater proportion died in the areas of the crown most subject to interference from the branches of neighbouring trees and this was reflected in smaller mean branch size in these areas. The age of a branch was also an important factor affecting performance. Significant interactions between branch age and interference zone for the number of living buds, gross and net bud production and bud mortality indicated that the effect of neighbours varied with branch age. The behaviour and fate of a bud appear to be conditioned more by its local environment than by its position on the tree of which it is a part.

Probenazole induces systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis with a novel type of action

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Yoshioka ◽  
Hideo Nakashita ◽  
Daniel F. Klessig ◽  
Isamu Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance

Isolation and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Arabidopsis Mutants

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1661-1671
Author(s):  
Klaus Maleck ◽  
Urs Neuenschwander ◽  
Rebecca M Cade ◽  
Robert A Dietrich ◽  
Jeffery L Dangl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Arabidopsis Mutants ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Firefly Luciferase Gene

Abstract To identify Arabidopsis mutants that constitutively express systemic acquired resistance (SAR), we constructed reporter lines expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the SAR-inducible PR-1 promoter (PR-1/luc). After EMS mutagenesis of a well-characterized transgenic line, we screened 250,000 M2 plants for constitutive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. From a mutant collection containing several hundred putative mutants, we concentrated on 16 mutants lacking spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. We mapped 4 of these constitutive immunity (cim) mutants to chromosome arms. Constitutive expression of disease resistance was established by analyzing responses to virulent Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae strains, by RNA blot analysis for endogenous marker genes, and by determination of salicylic acid levels in the mutants. The variety of the cim phenotypes allowed us to define distinct steps in both the canonical SAR signaling pathway and a separate pathway for resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum, active in only a subset of the mutants.

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