scholarly journals Mathematical Phenomenon of Genetic Link G-U

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Nicolay Nicolayevich Kozlov ◽  
Evgeny Ivanovich Kugushev
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Biochemical Characteristic ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Genetic Link ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Mathematical Analogy

As you know, the secondary structure of RNA molecules, unlike DNA, in addition to canonical or Watson-Crick pairs, non-canonical G-U pairs, this is guanine - uracil. The last pairs were established experimentally by X-ray diffraction analysis and are still a mystery to researchers. The fact is that such pairs are 5-10 times energetically weaker than the canonical pairs A-U, C-G. The question arises: why are such pairs needed? The study was carried out in the framework of the strict mathematical analogy established earlier by the authors of some cases of genetic overlaps and stems of the secondary structure of messenger RNAs. In this work, it is shown that due to the non-canonical G-U pair, using the new ambiguities found, it is possible to substantially “regulate” the stem free energy (even for small stems) - the most important biochemical characteristic. It turned out that the discovered effect for G-U pairs significantly exceeds a similar effect for canonical pairs A-U, C-G.

scholarly journals Immersion Sn Finish Processed on Ag Surface via Galvanic Reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yu Wu ◽  
Yi Xuan Lin ◽  
Jyun Yang Wang ◽  
Chia Hung Lee ◽  
Chung Yu Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Common

Abstract Typically, Sn cannot be finished on Ni and Ag surfaces via the immersion process. In this work, through galvanic reaction, immersion Sn finish was processed on an immersion Ag finish coexisting with a Ni surface. Herein, the detailed mechanism of the reduction of Sn2+ ions on the immersion Ag surface through galvanic reaction is reported. Through transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, the uncommon Ag4Sn phase, instead of the common Ag3Sn phase, was confirmed to form during the Sn immersion of the Ag immersion layer. The Ag4Sn phase was found to form between the Ag grains in the immersion Sn layer. The mixed Ag/Ag4Sn structure in the immersion Sn layer can be explained by the galvanic reaction. The preferred formation of the Ag4Sn during the Sn immersion of the Ag immersion layer is discussed from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. The changes in the Gibbs free energy of the formation of the Ag3Sn and Ag4Sn phases were calculated as −3.67 and −8.89 kJ/mol, respectively. This confirms that the Ag4Sn phase is the favorable phase formed in the immersion Sn over the immersion Ag layer.

Modeling Analyze from Titanium Alloy

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 515-519
Author(s):  
Nara Miranda Guimarães ◽  
Danieli A.P. Reis ◽  
Carlos de Moura Neto ◽  
Gilberto Carvalho Coelho ◽  
Antônio Augusto Couto
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Aerospace Industry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Titanium and its alloys have been used a lot for its special and unique properties, and characteristics under different conditions [. When we want to use one of its alloys in aerospace industry, we have to assure that in these conditions the material will resist and keep its integrity [1,. We wanted to analyse a titanium based superalloy by modeling a routine and extracting information from it about the dependence between Gibbs free energy and the amount of weight from two components, titanium and aluminium, which is the second major element according to X-ray diffraction analysis. It was concluded that increasing Ti amount, or making the alloy richer on titanium, the system leads to a higher level of energy. The opposite behaviour happens with aluminium; increasing it, the energy of the system decreases which is great, once the equilibrium is obtained with lower levels of energy. Although the analysis had been done with a general database available in the software, its possible to predict how the material will be influenced under several situations in a quick and reliable method.

Ten-Vertex Polyhedral Monocarbaborane Chemistry. The Novel High-Yield Formation of the Ten-Vertex closo Compound [6-(PMe2Ph)-closo-1-CB9H9] from the Thermolysis of [8,8-(PMe2Ph)2-nido-8,7-PtCB9H11]

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2924-2935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane H. Jones ◽  
Bohumil Štíbr ◽  
John D. Kennedy ◽  
Mark Thornton-Pett
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Metal Centre ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
Boiling Toluene

Thermolysis of [8,8-(PMe2Ph)2-nido-8,7-PtCB9H11] in boiling toluene solution results in an elimination of the platinum centre and cluster closure to give the ten-vertex closo species [6-(PMe2Ph)-closo-1-CB9H9] in 85% yield as a colourles air stable solid. The product is characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals (from hexane-dichloromethane) are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 903.20(9), b = 1 481.86(11), c = 2 320.0(2) pm, β = 97.860(7)° and Z = 8, and the structure has been refined to R(Rw) = 0.045(0.051) for 3 281 observed reflections with Fo > 2.0σ(Fo). The clean high-yield elimination of a metal centre from a polyhedral metallaborane or metallaheteroborane species is very rare.

Bis(μ-carboxylato)dienerhodium(I) Complexes - Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1205-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Zedník ◽  
Jan Sedláček ◽  
Jan Svoboda ◽  
Jiří Vohlídal ◽  
Dmitrij Bondarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Dinuclear rhodium(I) η2:η2-cycloocta-1,5-diene (series a) and η2:η2-norborna-2,5-diene (series b) complexes with μ-RCOO- ligands, where R is linear C21H43 (complexes 1a, 1b), CH2CMe3 (2a, 2b), 1-adamantyl (3a, 3b) and benzyl (4a, 4b), have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Structures of complexes 2b, 3a and 4a were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes prepared show low to moderate catalytic activity in polymerization of phenylacetylene in THF giving high-cis-transoid polymers, but they show only oligomerization activity in dichloromethane.

scholarly journals Crystals of the trp repressor-operator complex suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis.

1987 ◽  
Vol 262 (10) ◽  
pp. 4917-4921 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Joachimiak ◽  
R.Q. Marmorstein ◽  
R.W. Schevitz ◽  
W. Mandecki ◽  
J.L. Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Trp Repressor ◽  
X Ray
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