scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of the hydrophilic bird community of Kruglaya Bay (Sevastopol, the Black Sea)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
V. E. Giragosov ◽  
M. M. Beskaravainy
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mute Swan ◽  
Calidris Canutus ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Fulica Atra ◽  
Mute Swans ◽  
Common Pochard

The relevance of the study of hydrophilic birds in the urban areas of the Black Sea coast is due to their important role in the coastal biocoenosis structure and the need to preserve biodiversity in the conditions of anthropogenic transformation of Crimean coastal zone. The dynamics of species composition and abundance of birds in Kruglaya (Omega) Bay (Sevastopol) were investigated. The results of regular and episodic monitoring carried out in 1995 and 2005–2016 were used in this work. Quantitative accounting was carried out only in January and February (1–2 times per winter season) in 2005–2008, episodically in 2009–2013 and weekly in December — May 2014/2015 and September — May 2015/2016. Number of specimens per species was registered, and the ratio of young and adult specimens in mute swan (Cygnus olor), sex ratio in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), common pochard (Aythya ferina) and tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) were determined. Russian and Latin names of birds are represented by L. S. Stepanian. Kruglaya Bay is one of Sevastopol bays which form the northern coastline of the Heraclea Peninsula, and it is a place of seasonal concentrations of hydrophilic birds. The basic morphometric characteristics of the bay are the following: the water area — 0.64 km2, length — 1.3 km, maximum width — 0.8 km, the average depth — 4.5 m. The water area of the bay did not freeze usually, only its inner part was covered with ice in extremely cold winters. Benthic macrophyte species are represented by two associations: Cystoseira crinita and C. barbata on stones and rocks, and Zostera noltii and Z. marina on sandy and silty areas. Two local areas of common reed (Phragmites australis) beds are located in the inner part of the bay. The zoobenthos is a significant part of the food supply of birds and includes 97 species, mainly polychaetes, molluscs and crustaceans. The ichthyofauna is represented by 42 fish species. 51 species of aquatic and semi-aquatic birds across 8 Orders were identified. The winter bird community was most diverse and numerous (32 species: 14 Anseriformes, 7 Charadriiformes, 5 Podicipediformes, 3 Gruiformes, 2 Pelecaniformes, 1 Gaviiformes). Eight species dominate regularly in winters and quantitatively — mute swan, mallard, common pochard, tufted duck, eurasian coot (Fulica atra), black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), caspian gull (Larus cachinnans) and common gull (Larus canus). Rare species wintering in the Mountain Crimea, including horned grebe (Podiceps auritus), Bewick’s swan (Cygnus bewickii), red-breasted goose (Rufibrenta ruficollis), white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), knot (Calidris canutus), is of great interest. The average ratio of young and adult mute swans in the main wintering period (December — February) was 61 : 39 % in 2014/2015 and 45 : 55 % in 2015/2016, respectively. The ratio of males and females were as follows: in mallard 49.5 : 50.5 % in 2014/2015, and 51.4 : 48.6 % in 2015/2016; in common pochard 54.8 : 45.2 % in 2014/2015, and 60.5 : 39.5 % in 2015/2016; in tufted duck 51.0 : 49.0 % in 2014/2015, and 51.4 : 48.6 % in 2015/2016, respectively. Formation of the winter bird community began in October, sometimes at the end of September when single specimens of mallard, coot, tufted duck, red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) appeared. Common gull, great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) and the common pochard come flying in November; the mute swan appears at the beginning of December. Maximum and relatively stable number of most species was typical for January and the first half of February. Maximum number of specimens of all bird species was registered in January 13, 2015 (1288), and February 7, 2016 (1531 specimens). The feeding conditions of Kruglaya Bay allow overwintering of the birds with different feeding specializations. The benthophages (most of Anseriformes and Coot) rank first in species richness (at least 13 species) and in quantitative terms. Five species (black-throated diver (Gavia arctica), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), common sheg (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), red-breasted merganser, Sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis)) form the group of ichthyophages. The Grebes occupy an intermediate position between benthophages and ichthyophages: small fish and benthic invertebrates are present in their diet. Four species of gull (black-headed, Caspian, common, Mediterranean gull (Larus melanocephalus)) constitute a group of omnivores. The rare visitors in Kruglaya Bay are zoophagous and omnivorous birds foraging in the surf zone and at shallow depths, such as water rail (Rallus aquaticus), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), dunlin (Calidris alpina), knot (Calidris canutus), and herbivores which prefer to feed in terrestrial habitats — red-breasted goose (Rufibrenta ruficollis). The nutritional requirements of birds are compensated to a certain extent by additional feeding carried out by townspeople. In general 30 passing and nomadic species, mainly Charadriiformes (11), Anseriformes (7) and Ciconiiformes (5), were registered. A nesting bird community was absent, and only the nesting of little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus) was registered in 2016 for the first time in city zone. The spring migration took place from late February to May, the autumn migration — from August until the first decade of November. Kruglaya Bay is a valuable natural and ecological educational place and deserves status as a natural park.

scholarly journals Engineering geophysical studies in the Black Sea from onboard the R/V Ashamba during 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-320
Author(s):  
N. N. Dmitrevskiy ◽  
R. A. Ananyev
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Echo Sounder

In May and October 2017, expeditionary research was carried out in the area of Gelendzhik in the Black Sea at the R/V «Ashamba». The main tasks were the mapping of the seabed and the search for small-sized objects at the bottom of the water area using a WASSP WMB-3250 multibeam echo sounder. Surveys included areal surveying and drawing up bathymetric maps of test sites in Gelendzhik Bay and in the transition zone from the shelf to the continental slope. In addition, the echo sounder was used to search and determine the exact coordinates of the bottom seismograph installed at the seabed near the Divnomorskoye village in May 2016. The article presents the results of the work carried out.

Organic Matter of Bottom Sediments of the Crimean and Caucasian Coasts (Azov and Black Seas)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Tikhonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Sea Of Azov

As part of the 113th cruise of the R/V “Professor Vodyanitsky”, research was conducted on organic pollution of bottom sediments in the coastal areas of Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as the water area in front of the Kerch Strait. Concentration of chloroformextractable substances was determined by the weight method and that of petroleum hydrocarbons was determined using infrared spectrometry. Both in 2020 and 2016 (the 83d cruise of the R/V “Professor Vodyanitsky”), properties of the bottom sediments of the Crimean and Caucasian coasts were typical of the marine soils of this region. This indicates that the studied water areas are generally in good condition. In accordance with the regional classification of bottom sediment pollution, the maximum concentrations of chloroform-extractable substances obtained for both the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov coast indicate pollution level III (23% of analysed samples). These values were found in bottom sediments in the Sevastopol water area (225 mg·100 g-1), in the coastal area of Cape Tarkhankut (120 mg·100 g-1) and Karadag (120 mg·100 g-1), the southern part of the Sea of Azov (125 mg·100 g-1) and Tuapse (110 mg·100 g-1). The content of chloroform-extractable substances in bottom sediments off the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the Sea of Azov coast is slightly lower than that off the Crimean coast. Pollution level II is assigned to bottom sediments in 46 % of the samples, with an average concentration of 72 mg·100 g-1 of air-dry solids. The rest (31 %) of the studied area was classified as conditionally clean (pollution level I, i. e. less than 50 mg·100 g-1). There has been a slight increase in the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of both the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and their share in the total amount of chloroformextractable substances. In general, the level of pollution of bottom sediments by organic matter remained unchanged if compared with previous years, in particular with the data from 2016

scholarly journals History and prospects of research of the Black Sea estuaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
V.O. YEMELIANOV ◽  
T.B. KULAHA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Individual

Black Sea estuaries are phenomenon of geological nature and are not only an important component of the Black Sea geoecosystem, but also they are important component of local and regional ecological, socioeconomic systems of the coastal territory of Ukraine. Affecting the livelihoods and wellbeing of the population of these systems, estuaries from ancient times have attracted the attention of researchers. Unfortunately, the ecological status of these reservoirs has been worsening over the last decades because of the complex of reasons that require comprehensive study, analysis, development and implementation of a specific system of action, which cannot be realized without knowing at least the major milestones in the history of the research of these unique formations. Based on the published materials, information on the history of studies of estuaries of the northwestern Black Sea coast has been systematized. The history of the research has been reproduced in chronological order for the largest estuaries of the Black Sea, taking into account the current level of their study and identifying the main problems regarding their ecological status. The article gives a brief description of the current conditions and status of the largest Black Sea estuaries and some facts from the history of their research. In order to preserve the natural value of estuaries for their further research and rational use, the authors propose to use the methodology, the basic component of which is the geoecosystem paradigm, and henceforth study each estuary as a complete geoecological system taking into account all its components (subsystems), elements and conditions, which affect the formation and functioning of all components and the system as a whole. Geoecosystem paradigm together with a certain ecological and economic approach will allow to study in detail the geoecological conditions of water area of estuaries and adjacent territories, to evaluate their geoecological systems in terms of the prospects for their provision of certain services to the individual and / or society. Geoecosystem paradigm also allows to draw conclusions on optimizing the use of resources of these estuaries.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Vertical Turbulent Exchange Intensity in the Main Pycnocline Layer in the Prikerchensky Area of the Black Sea Shelf

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Kazakov ◽  
A. S. Samodurov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Turbulent Exchange ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Buoyancy Frequency ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Shelf Slope ◽  
Sigma 1 ◽  
Deep Water Area

The paper investigates the seasonal variability of the vertical turbulent exchange coefficient in the upper stratified layer of the Black Sea. The expedition data used in this work containing information on the microstructure of physical fields were obtained in different hydrological seasons covering the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the Prikerchensky area of the shelf slope. The data were collected during cruises of r/v “Professor Vodyanitsky” in 2016–2019 using “Sigma-1” sounding complex. Based on the semi-empirical methods of assessment of vertical turbulent exchange in the deep-water area of the Black Sea, the dependence of the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient K on the buoyancy frequency N in the studied layer was established from the flow fluctuation characteristics, with the corresponding graphs and their approximating power-law dependences K  A  N  plotting. In addition, the vertical distribution of the K coefficient with depth was analyzed. Comparative analysis of the obtained dependences with the results of the 1.5D model was carried out. The analysis of the measurement data showed that the results obtained in this work do not contradict the original model. The results can also be used to assess the vertical fluxes of heat, salt and other dissolved chemical and biological substances depending on stratification in the studied part of the Black Sea for different seasons.

FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF SEA WAVE PARAMETERS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS TO FROM REVER TUAPSE TO RIVER PSOU

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е. Дзагания ◽  
E. Dzaganiya
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Wave Mode ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wave Loads ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
A Site

East coast is the most storm part of the Black Sea because extent of the water area of the Black Sea more than 800 km. In a year there are about 17 days strong storm. Almost rectilinear outlines of the coast on a site from the river Tuapse to river Psou testify to destructive force of storm at low durability of the rocks composing the coast. The wave mode in the high sea can be determined by standard fields of a wind which build with use of weather maps. For a basis of typification take the direction and gradation of speed of a wind for that part of the water area within which it is required to define elements of waves. The main lack of a method is a short row – 10 years therefore the forecast for 25, 50 and 100 years on this row is estimated. Besides, for the district of Sochi the considerable share of excitements of a ripple (50–75 %) which are formed in different areas of the sea is characteristic. Therefore for this region any settlement method for wind excitement in the high sea won't reflect the actual mode of excitement and parameters of waves at the coast. Therefore in this case it is necessary to use all available actual data on excitement at probably bigger depth of supervision and all data on impact of the maximum storm on the coast in similar to the area of research conditions. The most qualitative for the considered coast are materials of supervision in Pitsunda. For application of these data for other sites of the coast taking into account a refraction recalculation of these supervision from shallow water is made for excitement of the deep sea. These data can be used for calculation of elements of waves on the Sochi coast. For the accounting of features of a wave mode at construction of such responsible and expensive constructions as ports, creation of new wave posts for long-term supervision is necessary. Especially it is actual in the Adler district of the city of Sochi where parameters of extreme storm are estimated generally on the put damage, instead of on series of observations over excitement. Tool supervision over excitement were carried out on northern to a pier of the Sochi port after the completion of its construction and allowed to define instrumentalno wave loads of a hydraulic engineering construction during a storm. Again created constructions of Mzymta seaport on the coast of the Imeretinsky bay and created during reconstruction of the Sochi seaport a new northern pier could form base for the organization of tool supervision over excitement on rather big depths near 15–20 M that it is quite enough for supervision of the maximum waves to their collapse.

PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE KIZILTASHSKY LIMAN GROUP

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Krylenko ◽  
Marina Krylenko
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Ramsar Convention ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
International Importance ◽  
Recreational Use ◽  
Active Recreation

The Kiziltashsky limans are the largest water bodies of land-to-sea interface zone of the Krasnodar region Black Sea coast separated from the Black Sea by Anapa bay-bar. Their territory is included in the Perspective list of the Ramsar Convention as a unique wetland of international importance. Currently, the main type of recreational use of the liman water area is active rest. A diversity of natural conditions, a small degree of economic transformation of the landscape in combination with good transport access makes it possible to combine the active recreation forms with health-improving rest at the Anapa resort. In the presented paper the different proposals for economic use of the Kiziltashsky limans are analysed in terms of influence to geoecosystem.

Hydrometeorological Conditions in the Southern Part of the Kerch Strait and the Pre-Strait Zone of the Black Sea as a Potential Area for Industrial Shellfish Cultivation

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Natalya A. Sytnik
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Kerch Strait ◽  
Sea Currents ◽  
Summer Minimum ◽  
Hydrometeorological Conditions

Considered materials on the hydrometeorological conditions of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea. The data on the wind regime in the study areas are presented. The materials on currents and water exchange in the southern part of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea waters are presented. The average monthly, annual, minimum and maximum values of air temperature at the coastal hydrometeorological stations are analyzed. In the seasonal course of salinity, in contrast to the regularities in the sea zone (in the surface and bottom layers), there is no summer minimum in the bottom layer of the strait. This indicates the development of coastal upwellings in the Black Sea in the summer, which facilitates the penetration of the Black Sea waters into the strait in the bottom layer. The oxygen saturation of the waters in the strait (both in the surface and in the bottom layers) is higher than in the sea area. This indicates a more intensive course of production processes. The stable Azov currents are most favorable for the plantations located in the strait near the Crimean coast during the collection of larvae on the collector and for the improvement of trophic conditions in the plantation areas. For the purification of coastal waters from suspended matter, the Black Sea currents are preferred. The frequent change of the Azov and Black Sea currents creates favorable conditions for the effective operation of mariculture farms. On the basis of the studies carried out, conclusions were drawn about the possibility of industrial cultivation of mollusks in the water area of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea.

MARINE FORECAST FOR THE EASTERNMOST PART OF THE BLACK SEA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demuri Demetrashvili ◽  
Vepkhia Kukhalashvili ◽  
Diana Kvaratskhelia ◽  
Aleksandre Surmava
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Splitting Method ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Hydrophysical Institute ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Short Term Forecasting

Modelling and forecasting of dynamic processes and distribution of various substances of anthropogenic and natural origin in coastal and shelf zones of the seas and oceans are of great interest due to the high anthropogenic load of these zones. The aim of this paper is to present some examples of modelling and short-term forecasting of dynamic fields – the current, temperature and salinity in the easternmost Black Sea covering Georgian sector of the Black Sea and adjacent water area using a high-resolution regional model of the Black Sea dynamics. The z-level regional model is based on a full system of ocean hydro-thermodynamics equations and is nested in the basin-scale model of the Black Sea dynamics of Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Sevastopol). To solve the model equation system, a numerical algorithm based on the splitting method is used. Calculations show that circulation processes in the easternmost water area of the Black Sea are characterized by a permanent alternation of different circulation modes with the formation of mesoscale and submesoscale eddies throughout the year, which significantly affect the formation of thermohaline fields; atmospheric wind forcing substantially determines not only the peculiarities of the sea surface horizontal circulation, also the vertical structure of the current field.

scholarly journals Birds in estuaries can act as indicators of climate change: a study at a key wintering site for waterbirds in Europe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Marchowski ◽  
Łukasz Jankowiak ◽  
Dariusz Wysocki ◽  
Łukasz Ławicki ◽  
Józef Girjatowicz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Wintering Waterfowl ◽  
Fulica Atra ◽  
Odra River ◽  
Common Goldeneye ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Common Pochard

Climate change can shift the winter range of many species and birds can act as indicators of this process. Estuaries of large rivers are places where different waterbirds winter with each species reflecting their own behavior and sensitivity to weather changes. Knowing these behaviors and tracking long-term changes in the number of birds, we can confirm the direction of climate change. One estuary of key importance for wintering waterfowl is the Odra River Estuary situated in the south-western part of the Baltic Sea. The most numerous birds here belong to two groups: benthic feeders and fish feeders. We show that numbers of all benthivorous waterbirds were negatively correlated with the presence of ice, but for piscivorous there was no relationship. We anticipate that with continued global warming the importance of this area for benthic feeders will increase, but will decrease for fish feeders. Among the seven species of benthivorous birds we studied, one showed an increase in numbers (Greater Scaup Aythya marila), two were stable (Tufted Duck A. fuligula and Eurasian Coot Fulica atra) and two decreased (Common Pochard A. ferina and Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula); among the piscivorous group two species (Smew Mergellus albellus and Goosander Mergus merganser) showed a decline. The decline of the Common Pochard may reflect that species global decline. Climate change may be responsible for some of the local changes in the study area, namely the increase in the number of Greater Scaup and reduction in the numbers of Common Goldeneye, Smew and Goosander.

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