Vigorexia: Addiction, obsession or dismorfia; an attempt of approach / Vigorexia: adicción, obsesión o dismorfia; un intento de aproximación

El objetivo del presente estudio es un intento de aproximación al concepto de vigorexia. Se realiza una breve aproximación histórica y se incide en la prevalencia del problema. Se intenta definir adecuadamente el concepto. Posteriormente se realiza una definición diferencial con respecto a otros trastornos como la anorexia nerviosa, la adicción al ejercicio, el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC), el Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC) o Muscular (TDM) y otros. Se estudia la posible etiología y algunos modelos actuales. Se concluye la conveniencia de realizar estudios empíricos diferenciales con respecto a otros conceptos relacionados. Abstract The aim of this study is an attempt of approach to the concept of vigorexia. A brief historical approach is made and it is affected the prevalence of the problem. It is tried to define the concept suitably. Later a definition is made differential with respect to other disorders like the nervous anorexia, the exercise addiction, the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the muscle dysmorphia disorder (MDD) and others. One studies the possible etiology and some present models. The convenience concludes of making empirical studies differentials with respect to other related concepts.

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Neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder: two empirical studies and meta-analysis

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291712002012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 1069-1079 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

N. Jaafari ◽

L. Fernández de la Cruz ◽

M. Grau ◽

E. Knowles ◽

J. Radua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Motor Coordination ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

The Body ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Neurological Soft Signs ◽

Definitive Answer ◽

Compulsive Disorder

BackgroundNeurological soft signs (NSS) have been inconsistently reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but may make an impact on treatment response.MethodThe current study examined the presence of NSS in two independent European samples of OCD patients (combined 85 patients and 88 matched healthy controls) using a standardized instrument and conducted a meta-analysis of all published studies identified in the literature with the aim to provide a more definitive answer to the question of whether OCD patients are characterized by increased NSS.ResultsBoth empirical studies found elevated NSS scores in patients compared with matched controls. The results of the meta-analysis, which included 15 studies (combined 498 patients and 520 controls) showed large effect sizes (Hedges' g=1.27, 95% confidence interval 0.80–1.75), indicating that OCD patients have significantly higher rates of NSS than matched controls on both sides of the body and in multiple domains (motor coordination, sensory integration and primitive reflexes). The results were robust and remained largely unchanged in our reliability analyses, which controlled for possible outliers. Meta-regression was employed to examine the role of potential variables of interest including sociodemographic variables, symptom severity, medication effects and the use of different instruments, but none of these variables was clearly associated with NSS.ConclusionsAs a group, OCD patients are characterized by increased rates of NSS, compared with healthy controls. However, their origins and potential clinical importance remain to be clarified. Future directions for research are discussed.

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The Immediate Effects of Exposure Versus Response Prevention in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1017/s1352465800017616 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 35-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ger P. J. Keijsers ◽

Cees A. L. Hoogduin ◽

Cas P. D. R. Schaap ◽

Trix de Jong ◽

Erica de Koning

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Treatment Effect ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Response Prevention ◽

Differential Treatment ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Several empirical studies suggest that exposure in vivo and response prevention have a differential treatment effect on the complaints presented by patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In the present study it was hypothesized that exposure in vivo would result in a greater decrease of obsessional fear, whereas response prevention would result in a greater decrease of rituals. Forty patients, diagnosed with OCD, participated in the study. Half of the patients received exposure in vivo alone, followed by response prevention alone, and half received response prevention alone, followed by exposure in vivo alone. No differential treatment effects between exposure in vivo alone and response prevention alone could be found, although ritualistic behaviour was less strongly affected by exposure in vivo following response prevention.

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The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review of direct comparative studies

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0004867418799925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (11) ◽

pp. 1030-1049 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Amy Malcolm ◽

Izelle Labuschagne ◽

David Castle ◽

Gill Terrett ◽

Peter G Rendell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Negative Evaluation ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Pubmed Database

Objective: Current nosology conceptualises body dysmorphic disorder as being related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the direct evidence to support this conceptualisation is mixed. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide an integrated overview of research that has directly compared body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: The PubMed database was searched for empirical studies which had directly compared body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder groups across any subject matter. Of 379 records, 31 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Results: Evidence of similarities between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder was identified for broad illness features, including age of onset, illness course, symptom severity and level of functional impairment, as well as high perfectionism and high fear of negative evaluation. However, insight was clearly worse in body dysmorphic disorder than obsessive-compulsive disorder, and preliminary data also suggested unique visual processing features, impaired facial affect recognition, increased social anxiety severity and overall greater social-affective dysregulation in body dysmorphic disorder relative to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion: Limitations included a restricted number of studies overall, an absence of studies comparing biological parameters (e.g. neuroimaging), and the frequent inclusion of participants with comorbid body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Risks of interpreting common features as indications of shared underlying mechanisms are explored, and evidence of differences between the disorders are placed in the context of broader research findings. Overall, this review suggests that the current nosological status of body dysmorphic disorder is somewhat tenuous and requires further investigation, with particular focus on dimensional, biological and aetiological elements.

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