Recent Progress in Synthetic Methods for Polyimides

The synthetic methods of two-dimensional polymers and their applications in energy storage and conversion are reviewed with an emphasis on the underlying method–structure–property relationships.

Download Full-text

Recent Progress on the Synthesis of CF2H-Containing Derivatives

Synthesis ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1690027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (24) ◽

pp. 4549-4567 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Noam Levi ◽

Dafna Amir ◽

Eytan Gershonov ◽

Yossi Zafrani

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Cross Coupling ◽

Short Review ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

The Past ◽

Palladium Catalyzed ◽

Group A

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the development of novel synthetic methods and new reagents for the synthesis of difluoromethylated compounds. Dozens of studies have been published on this topic each year over the past few years. These studies are focused on direct and indirect difluoromethylation of various organic functionalities via nucleophilic-, electrophilic-, radical-, carbene- or metal-mediated mechanisms. The present short review covers the very recent studies, published between mid-2017 and early 2019, on the synthesis of compounds containing a CF2H group. A brief summary of the physicochemical properties and medicinal applications of difluoromethylated compounds is also included.1 Introduction2 Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation2.1 Metal-Mediated Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation2.2 Non-Metal Difluoromethyl Nucleophiles3 Radical Difluoromethylation3.1 Metal-Induced Radical Difluoromethylation3.2 Non-Metal-Induced Radical Difluoromethylation3.3 Electrochemically Induced Radical Difluoromethylation4 Carbene-Based Difluoromethylation4.1 Metal-Induced Carbene Difluoromethylation4.2 Non-Metal-Induced Difluoromethyl Carbenes5 Cross-Coupling Difluoromethylation5.1 Palladium-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation5.2 Nickel-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation5.3 Copper-Mediated Difluoromethylation5.4 Iron-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation5.5 Gold-Mediated Difluoromethylation6 Electrophilic Difluoromethylation7 Other Examples7.1 A Difluoromethyl-Borane Complex7.2 A Tellurium Difluoromethyl Derivative8 Summary

Download Full-text

Green synthesis via electrolysis in microemulsions

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1351/pac200173121895 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 1895-1905 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

James F. Rusling

Keyword(s):

Turnover Rate ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Reaction Pathway ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Reaction Pathways ◽

Lower Toxicity ◽

Reduction Potentials ◽

Covalently Linked ◽

High Yields

Electrolysis in microemulsions is a promising approach for environmentally friendly chemical synthetic methods of the future. Employing microemulsions instead of organic solvents for electrosynthesis has the advantages of lower toxicity and cost, high dissolving power for reactants and mediators of unlike solubility, enhancement of reaction rates by controlling the reduction potentials of mediators, possible reaction pathway control, and recycling of microemulsion components. This paper reviews recent progress in using microemulsions for direct and mediated electrosynthesis, including formation of carboncarbon bonds. Rates of mediated reactions can be controlled by manipulating microemulsion composition. Examples are presented, in which reaction pathways of direct and mediated electrolyses can be controlled with microemulsions to give desired products in high yields. Such control has been demonstrated with dissolved and surface-bound mediators. For a covalently linked scaffold of poly(l-lysine) and cobalt corrin vitamin B12 hexacarboxylate attached to graphite, catalytic turnover rate for reduction of 1,2-dibromocylcohexane was optimized by optimizing microemulsion composition.

Download Full-text

Synthetic Methods for the Generation and Preparative Application of Benzyne

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch10072 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 63 (7) ◽

pp. 987 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Tsugio Kitamura

Keyword(s):

Organic Synthesis ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Fluoride Ion ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Frequent Use

Many methods have been developed for generating benzyne. Convenient and reliable precursors extensively studied so far involve benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate and o-dihalobenzenes such as 1,2-bromofluorobenzene and 1,2-dibromobenzene. Recently, in addition to the above precursors, o-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl triflate has been put into frequent use for benzyne reactions, in which benzyne is efficiently generated under mild conditions using fluoride ion. Furthermore, o-(trimethylsilyl)phenyliodonium triflate has been developed as a more efficient benzyne precursor. This mini-review focusses on recent progress in benzyne chemistry from the viewpoint of organic synthesis. The methods for generating benzynes are classified by the conditions into four categories: basic conditions using strong bases, mild conditions using fluoride ion, thermolysis, and oxidation.

Download Full-text

Solution Synthesis of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons

Physical Sciences Reviews ◽

10.1515/psr-2016-0108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mikhail Shekhirev ◽

Alexander Sinitskii

Keyword(s):

Structural Design ◽

Material Characterization ◽

Rational Design ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Graphene Nanoribbons ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Solution Synthesis ◽

Molecular Precursors ◽

Significant Attention

AbstractBottom-up fabrication of narrow strips of graphene, also known as graphene nanoribbons or GNRs, is an attractive way to open a bandgap in semimetallic graphene. In this chapter, we review recent progress in solution-based synthesis of GNRs with atomically precise structures. We discuss a variety of atomically precise GNRs and highlight theoretical and practical aspects of their structural design and solution synthesis. These GNRs are typically synthesized through a polymerization of rationally designed molecular precursors followed by a planarization through a cyclodehydrogenation reaction. We discuss various synthetic techniques for polymerization and planarization steps, possible approaches for chemical modification of GNRs, and compare the properties of GNRs that could be achieved by different synthetic methods. We also discuss the importance of the rational design of molecular precursors to avoid isomerization during the synthesis and achieve GNRs that have only one possible structure. Significant attention in this chapter is paid to the methods of material characterization of solution-synthesized GNRs. The chapter is concluded with the discussion of the most significant challenges in the field and the future outlook.

Download Full-text

ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of New Catalytic Synthetic Methods for Nitrogen Heterocycles Based on Hydrogen Transfer Reactions

ChemInform ◽

10.1002/chin.201037232 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (37) ◽

pp. no-no

Author(s):

Ryohei Yamaguchi ◽

Ken-ichi Fujita ◽

Mingwen Zhu

Keyword(s):

Recent Progress ◽

Hydrogen Transfer ◽

Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Transfer Reactions ◽

Hydrogen Transfer Reactions

Download Full-text

A Critical Review of Carbon Quantum Dots: From Synthesis toward Applications in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of a Depression-Related Neurotransmitter

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14143987 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 3987

Author(s):

Jingying Xu ◽

Jiangang Tao ◽

Lili Su ◽

Jidong Wang ◽

Tifeng Jiao

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Carbon Quantum Dots ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Electrochemical Biosensors ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Human Fluids

Depression has become the leading cause of disability worldwide and is a global health burden. Quantitative assessment of depression-related neurotransmitter concentrations in human fluids is highly desirable for diagnosis, monitoring disease, and therapeutic interventions of depression. In this review, we focused on the latest strategies of CD-based electrochemical biosensors for detecting a depression-related neurotransmitter. We began this review with an overview of the microstructure, optical properties and cytotoxicity of CDs. Next, we introduced the development of synthetic methods of CDs, including the “Top-down” route and “Bottom-up” route. Finally, we highlighted detecting an application of CD-based electrochemical sensors in a depression-related neurotransmitter. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives on the recent progress of CD-based electrochemical sensors in depression-related neurotransmitter detection were discussed.

Download Full-text