scholarly journals Green synthesis via electrolysis in microemulsions

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1895-1905 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Rusling
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Lower Toxicity ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Covalently Linked ◽  
High Yields

Electrolysis in microemulsions is a promising approach for environmentally friendly chemical synthetic methods of the future. Employing microemulsions instead of organic solvents for electrosynthesis has the advantages of lower toxicity and cost, high dissolving power for reactants and mediators of unlike solubility, enhancement of reaction rates by controlling the reduction potentials of mediators, possible reaction pathway control, and recycling of microemulsion components. This paper reviews recent progress in using microemulsions for direct and mediated electrosynthesis, including formation of carbon­carbon bonds. Rates of mediated reactions can be controlled by manipulating microemulsion composition. Examples are presented, in which reaction pathways of direct and mediated electrolyses can be controlled with microemulsions to give desired products in high yields. Such control has been demonstrated with dissolved and surface-bound mediators. For a covalently linked scaffold of poly(l-lysine) and cobalt corrin vitamin B12 hexacarboxylate attached to graphite, catalytic turnover rate for reduction of 1,2-dibromocylcohexane was optimized by optimizing microemulsion composition.

Recent Developments on Synthesis of Indole Derivatives Through Green Approaches and Their Pharmaceutical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2665-2693
Author(s):  
Dipayan Mondal ◽  
Pankaj Lal Kalar ◽  
Shivam Kori ◽  
Shovanlal Gayen ◽  
Kalpataru Das
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Green Methodology ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
High Yields

Indole moiety is often found in different classes of pharmaceutically active molecules having various biological activities including anticancer, anti-viral, anti-psychotic, antihypertensive, anti-migraine, anti-arthritis and analgesic activities. Due to enormous applications of indole derivatives in pharmaceutical chemistry, a number of conventional synthetic methods as well as green methodology have been developed for their synthesis. Green methodology has many advantages including high yields, short reaction time, and inexpensive reagents, highly efficient and environmentally benign over conventional methods. Currently, the researchers in academia as well as in pharmaceutical industries have been developing various methods for the chemical synthesis of indole based compounds via green approaches to overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods. This review reflects the last ten years developments of the various greener methods for the synthesis of indole derivatives by using microwave, ionic liquids, water, ultrasound, nanocatalyst, green catalyst, multicomponent reaction and solvent-free reactions etc. (please see the scheme below). Furthermore, the applications of green chemistry towards developments of indole containing pharmaceuticals and their biological studies have been represented in this review.

scholarly journals A Review on Recent Progress of Glycan-Based Surfactant Micelles as Nanoreactor Systems for Chemical Synthesis Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-186
Author(s):  
Bahareh Vafakish ◽  
Lee D. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Surfactant Micelles ◽  
Conventional Surfactant ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
To Receive

The nanoreactor concept and its application as a modality to carry out chemical reactions in confined and compartmentalized structures continues to receive increasing attention. Micelle-based nanoreactors derived from various classes of surfactant demonstrate outstanding potential for chemical synthesis. Polysaccharide (glycan-based) surfactants are an emerging class of biodegradable, non-toxic, and sustainable alternatives over conventional surfactant systems. The unique structure of glycan-based surfactants and their micellar structures provide a nanoenvironment that differs from that of the bulk solution, and supported by chemical reactions with uniquely different reaction rates and mechanisms. In this review, the aggregation of glycan-based surfactants to afford micelles and their utility for the synthesis of selected classes of reactions by the nanoreactor technique is discussed. Glycan-based surfactants are ecofriendly and promising surfactants over conventional synthetic analogues. This contribution aims to highlight recent developments in the field of glycan-based surfactants that are relevant to nanoreactors, along with future opportunities for research. In turn, coverage of research for glycan-based surfactants in nanoreactor assemblies with tailored volume and functionality is anticipated to motivate advanced research for the synthesis of diverse chemical species.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in Synthetic Methods for Polyimides

1994 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. P85-P90
Author(s):  
YOSHIO IMAI
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Synthetic Methods

Synthesis of novel N-functionalized 4-aryl-tetrahydrobiquinoline-2,5-(1H,3H)-diones via one-pot three-component reaction: a joint experimental and computational study

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1071-1078
Author(s):  
Vahideh Zadsirjan ◽  
Sayyed Jalil Mahdizadeh ◽  
Majid M. Heravi ◽  
Masumeh Heydari
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional Theory ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Deep Insight ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Three Component Reaction ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Mechanism Of The Reaction

A novel series of N-functionalized 4-aryl-tetrahydrobiquinoline-2,5-(1H,3H)-diones were synthesized in high yields by a one-pot three-component reaction involving 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehydes, Meldrum’s acid, and enaminones (dimedone-based enaminones) in the presence of K2CO3 in CH3CN under reflux condition. To gain a deep insight on the mechanism of the reaction, an extensive series of quantum mechanics calculations in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) were carried out for supporting the suggested reaction pathway.

Recent progress in synthetic methods and applications in solar cells of Ag 2 S quantum dots

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xue ◽  
Jixian Liu ◽  
Sui Mao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Wenfei Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Synthetic Methods

Reaction Pathways to 2-Aminothiophenes and Thiophene-3-carbonitriles

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Aurelio ◽  
Bernard L. Flynn ◽  
Peter J. Scammells
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adenosine A1 ◽  
Unexpected Reaction ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
A1 Receptor

Over the past two decades 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophenes have been found to act as allosteric enhancers of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR). As such, compounds of this type have potential applications in the therapy of a variety of disorders by enhancing A1AR activation. Initial studies in this field identified various 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophenes as potential leads and of these PD 81723 1a has become the benchmark for comparative studies due to its favourable ratio of allosteric enhancement to antagonism. Surprisingly the synthesis and characterization of PD 81723 1a has not been previously reported. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of this important A1AR allosteric enhancer. As part of this study we also found an unexpected reaction pathway to 2-phenylthiophene-3-carbonitriles.

Control of Chemical Reaction Pathways by Light–Matter Coupling

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinumol Devasia ◽  
Ankita Das ◽  
Varun Mohan ◽  
Prashant K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Metal Nanostructures ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Radical Intermediates ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Light Excitation

Because plasmonic metal nanostructures combine strong light absorption with catalytically active surfaces, they have become platforms for the light-assisted catalysis of chemical reactions. The enhancement of reaction rates by plasmonic excitation has been extensively discussed. This review focuses on a less discussed aspect: the induction of new reaction pathways by light excitation. Through commentary on seminal reports, we describe the principles behind the optical modulation of chemical reactivity and selectivity on plasmonic metal nanostructures. Central to these phenomena are excited charge carriers generated by plasmonic excitation, which modify the energy landscape available to surface reactive species and unlock pathways not conventionally available in thermal catalysis. Photogenerated carriers can trigger bond dissociation or desorption in an adsorbate-selective manner, drive charge transfer and multielectron redox reactions, and generate radical intermediates. Through one or more of these mechanisms, a specific pathway becomes favored under light. By improved control over these mechanisms, light-assisted catalysis can be transformational for chemical synthesis and energy conversion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 72 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Bifurcated synthesis of methylene-lactone- and methylene-lactam-fused spirolactams via electrophilic amide allylation of γ-phenylthio-functionalized γ-lactams

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 2769-2775
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Sengoku ◽  
Koki Makino ◽  
Ayumi Iijima ◽  
Toshiyasu Inuzuka ◽  
Hidemi Yoda
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxy Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
High Yields

New synthetic methods for spirolactams bearing an α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone or its analogous methylene-lactam have been developed. The allylation of γ-phenylthio-functionalized γ-lactams with 2-(acetoxy)methyl acrylamides was accomplished by using 2.5 equivalents of NaH to give the corresponding adducts in excellent yields. The remaining phenylthio group was substituted with a hydroxy group by treatment with CuBr, and the resulting γ-hydroxyamides were cyclized under acidic conditions to afford the corresponding methylene-lactam-fused spirolactams in high yields. On the other hand, methylene-lactone-fused spirolactams could be delivered from the allyl adducts in high yields through a sequential N-Boc protection/desulfinative lactonization.

scholarly journals Mechanostereochemistry and the mechanical bond

2012 ◽  
Vol 468 (2146) ◽  
pp. 2849-2880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokhan Barin ◽  
Ross S. Forgan ◽  
J. Fraser Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Interlocked Molecules ◽  
Fair Game ◽  
Mechanical Bond ◽  
Covalently Linked ◽  
Mechanical Bonds ◽  
Molecular Compounds ◽  
Knots And Links

The chemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), in which two or more covalently linked components are held together by mechanical bonds , has led to the coining of the term mechanostereochemistry to describe a new field of chemistry that embraces many aspects of MIMs, including their syntheses, properties, topologies where relevant and functions where operative. During the rapid development and emergence of the field, the synthesis of MIMs has witnessed the forsaking of the early and grossly inefficient statistical approaches for template-directed protocols, aided and abetted by molecular recognition processes and the tenets of self-assembly. The resounding success of these synthetic protocols, based on templation, has facilitated the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, resulting more and more in the creation of integrated functional systems. This review highlights (i) the range of template-directed synthetic methods being used currently in the preparation of MIMs; (ii) the syntheses of topologically complex knots and links in the form of stable molecular compounds; and (iii) the incorporation of bistable MIMs into many different device settings associated with surfaces, nanoparticles and solid-state materials in response to the needs of particular applications that are perceived to be fair game for mechanostereochemistry.

Recent progress in two-dimensional polymers for energy storage and conversion: design, synthesis, and applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (44) ◽  
pp. 21676-21695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peitao Xiao ◽  
Yuxi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Structure Property Relationships

The synthetic methods of two-dimensional polymers and their applications in energy storage and conversion are reviewed with an emphasis on the underlying method–structure–property relationships.

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