scholarly journals Performance of pirimiphos-methyl based Indoor Residual Spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in the pyrethroid resistance region of Koulikoro, Mali.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa KEITA ◽  
Nafomon SOGOBA ◽  
Boïssé Traoré ◽  
Fousseyni Kané ◽  
Boubacar Coulibaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
National Malaria Control Program ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Abstract Background:Vector control relies heavily on Long-lasting insecticidal nets ( (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in selected districts in Mali including Koulikoro district. As part of strengthening vector control strategies in the district, IRS was initiated by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) with the support of the US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) since 2008. LLINs coverage was 93.3% and 98.2% for IRS in Koulikoro, the only district of the region where IRS was supported by PMI. Following mosquito vector resistance to both pyrethroid and carbamates, organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl) was used for the IRS campaigns of 2015 and 2016 in the district of Koulikoro. In this study, we assessed the effect of IRS on malaria transmission by comparing entomological indices in of the district of Koulikoro, where IRS was implemented and its neighbored district of Banamba, where IRS had never been implemented. Methods:The study was conducted in two villages of each district (Koulikoro and Banamba). Pyrethrum spray catches and entry window trapping were used to collect mosquitoes on a monthly basis. WHO tube tests were carried out to assess mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Mosquitoes were identified to species level by PCR and their infection to P. falciparum was detected by ELISA.Results:Of the 527 specimens identified, An. coluzzii was the most frequent species (95%) followed by An. gambiae (4%) and An. arabiensis (1%). Its density was rainfall dependent in the no-IRS area, and almost independent in the IRS area. The infection rate (IR) in the no-IRS area was 0.96%, while it was null in the IRS area. In the no-IRS area, the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was 0.21 infective bites /person month with a peak in September. High resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates and susceptibility to organophosphates was observed at all sites.Conclusion:The introduction of pirimiphos-methyl based IRS in the area resulted in a significant decrease in malaria transmission. An.gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector of the area, was resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates, and remained susceptible to the organophosphates.

Performance of pirimiphos-methyl based Indoor Residual Spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in the pyrethroid resistance region of Koulikoro, Mali.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa KEITA ◽  
Nafomon SOGOBA ◽  
Boïssé Traoré ◽  
Fousseyni Kané ◽  
Boubacar Coulibaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
Entry Window

Abstract Background: Following mosquito vector resistance to both pyrethroid and carbamates, organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl) was used for the Indoor Residual Spray campaigns performed in 2015 to 2016 in the district of Koulikoro. In this context, we assessed the effect of IRS on malaria transmission by comparing entomological indices in two localities: Koulikoro (LLINs+IRS), and Banamba (LLINs -only) districts. Methods: The study was conducted in two villages of each district (Koulikoro and Banamba). Pyrethrum spray catches and entry window trapping were used to collect mosquitoes on a monthly basis. WHO tube tests were carried out to assess mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Mosquitoes were identified to species level by PCR and their infection to P. falciparum was detected by ELISA. Results: An. coluzii was the most frequent species. Its density was rainfall dependent in the no-IRS area, and almost independent in the IRS area. The infection rate (IR) in the no-IRS area was 0.96%, while it was null in the IRS area. In the no-IRS area, the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was 0.21 infective bites /person month with a peak in September. High resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates and susceptibility to organophosphates was observed at all sites. Conclusion: The introduction of pirimiphos-methyl based IRS in the area resulted to a significant decrease in malaria transmission. An.gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector of the area, was resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates, and remained susceptible to the organophosphates.

scholarly journals Transgenic Mosquitoes Fight against Malaria: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Laxmi Shrestha ◽  
Shraddha Prakash ◽  
Roshan Kumar Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
Transgenic Mosquitoes

Malaria control with transgenic mosquitoes will be challenging; however, recent advances suggest that it may be a possibility in the foreseeable future. Progress towards discovering refractory genes for rodent malaria and gene drive systems for Drosophila provide hope that similar advances may be made for human malaria in mosquito vector species. That said, the African malaria burden has proved exceptionally difficult to diminish by all means tried thus far; and it is unlikely that transgenic mosquitoes will provide an all-in-one solution. Transgenic mosquitoes should be considered within the context of an integrated vector management strategy which should also include insecticide-treated bed-nets, indoor residual spraying with insecticides and treatment of infected individuals with antimalarial drugs. Integrated strategies will be a necessity for any successful african malaria control program and transgenic mosquitoes should be considered as a potential ingredient in the future goal of continent-wide disease control.

scholarly journals Mapping the endemicity and seasonality of clinical malaria for intervention targeting in Haiti using routine case data

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewan Cameron ◽  
Alyssa J Young ◽  
Katherine A Twohig ◽  
Emilie Pothin ◽  
Darlene Bhavnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
National Malaria Control Program ◽  
International Partner ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Risk Communities ◽  
Case Data

Towards the goal of malaria elimination on Hispaniola, the National Malaria Control Program of Haiti and its international partner organisations are conducting a campaign of interventions targeted to high-risk communities prioritised through evidence-based planning. Here we present a key piece of this planning: an up-to-date, fine-scale endemicity map and seasonality profile for Haiti informed by monthly case counts from 771 health facilities reporting from across the country throughout the 6-year period from January 2014 to December 2019. To this end, a novel hierarchical Bayesian modelling framework was developed in which a latent, pixel-level incidence surface with spatio-temporal innovations is linked to the observed case data via a flexible catchment sub-model designed to account for the absence of data on case household locations. These maps have focussed the delivery of indoor residual spraying and focal mass drug administration in the Grand’Anse Department in South-Western Haiti.

scholarly journals Rapid selection of a pyrethroid metabolic enzyme CYP9K1 by operational malaria control activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (18) ◽  
pp. 4619-4624 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Vontas ◽  
Linda Grigoraki ◽  
John Morgan ◽  
Dimitra Tsakireli ◽  
Godwin Fuseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Bioko Island ◽  
Malaria Control Program

Since 2004, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-impregnated bednets (LLINs) have reduced the malaria parasite prevalence in children on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, from 45% to 12%. After target site-based (knockdown resistance; kdr) pyrethroid resistance was detected in 2004 in Anopheles coluzzii (formerly known as the M form of the Anopheles gambiae complex), the carbamate bendiocarb was introduced. Subsequent analysis showed that kdr alone was not operationally significant, so pyrethroid-based IRS was successfully reintroduced in 2012. In 2007 and 2014–2015, mass distribution of new pyrethroid LLINs was undertaken to increase the net coverage levels. The combined selection pressure of IRS and LLINs resulted in an increase in the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in 2015. In addition to a significant increase in kdr frequency, an additional metabolic pyrethroid resistance mechanism had been selected. Increased metabolism of the pyrethroid deltamethrin was linked with up-regulation of the cytochrome P450 CYP9K1. The increase in resistance prompted a reversion to bendiocarb IRS in 2016 to avoid a resurgence of malaria, in line with the national Malaria Control Program plan.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of low-technology emanators alongside long-lasting insecticidal nets to control malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1818) ◽  
pp. 20190817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Hellewell ◽  
Ellie Sherrard-Smith ◽  
Sheila Ogoma ◽  
Thomas S. Churcher
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Outdoor Biting ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa relies on the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) or the indoor residual spraying of insecticide. Disease transmission may be maintained even when these indoor interventions are universally used as some mosquitoes will bite in the early morning and evening when people are outside. As countries seek to eliminate malaria, they can target outdoor biting using new vector control tools such as spatial repellent emanators, which emit airborne insecticide to form a protective area around the user. Field data are used to incorporate a low-technology emanator into a mathematical model of malaria transmission to predict its public health impact across a range of scenarios. Targeting outdoor biting by repeatedly distributing emanators alongside LLINs increases the chance of elimination, but the additional benefit depends on the level of anthropophagy in the local mosquito population, emanator effectiveness and the pre-intervention proportion of mosquitoes biting outdoors. High proportions of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes diminish LLIN impact because of reduced mosquito mortality. When mosquitoes are highly anthropophagic, this reduced mortality leads to more outdoor biting and a reduced additional benefit of emanators, even if emanators are assumed to retain their effectiveness in the presence of pyrethroid resistance. Different target product profiles are examined, which show the extra epidemiological benefits of spatial repellents that induce mosquito mortality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases’.

scholarly journals The Impact of 3 Years of Targeted Indoor Residual Spraying With Pirimiphos-Methyl on Malaria Parasite Prevalence in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Zambia

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (12) ◽  
pp. 2120-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa A Hast ◽  
Mike Chaponda ◽  
Mbanga Muleba ◽  
Jean-Bertin Kabuya ◽  
James Lupiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Malaria transmission in northern Zambia has increased in the past decade, despite malaria control activities. Evidence-based intervention strategies are needed to effectively reduce malaria transmission. Zambia’s National Malaria Control Centre conducted targeted indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Nchelenge District, Luapula Province, from 2014 to 2016 using the organophosphate insecticide pirimiphos-methyl. An evaluation of the IRS campaign was conducted by the Southern Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research using actively detected malaria cases in bimonthly household surveys carried out from April 2012 to July 2017. Changes in malaria parasite prevalence after IRS were assessed by season using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors, controlling for clustering of participants in households and demographic, geographical, and climatological covariates. In targeted areas, parasite prevalence declined approximately 25% during the rainy season following IRS with pirimiphos-methyl but did not decline during the dry season or in the overall study area. Within targeted areas, parasite prevalence declined in unsprayed households, suggesting both direct and indirect effects of IRS. The moderate decrease in parasite prevalence within sprayed areas indicates that IRS with pirimiphos-methyl is an effective malaria control measure, but a more comprehensive package of interventions is needed to effectively reduce the malaria burden in this setting.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Insecticide Spraying For Malaria Control In A Terai District Of Eastern Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Pramod Singh GC ◽  
P K Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Disease Control Program ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The Cost

Background: Malaria is one of the public health problems in Nepal. It is estimated that 25% of population of Nepal are infected by malaria at any time. Malaria control program was first initiated in 1954 with support of USAID through the Insect Born Disease Control Program. This program was changed into Malaria Eradication Program in 1958. The program was reverted to control program in 1978.Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of insecticide spraying from the provider’s perspective in a Terai district of eastern Nepal.Methods: Morang District of eastern Terai was purposively selected. A pre-tested interview was used to collect data from program managers and government officers in the Malaria Control Program. The main categories of variables were manpower, insecticide, pump and others.Results: The cost for indoor residual spraying per person protected was calculated as Rs.24.70 (US$0.31). This cost was for one cycle and there were two cycles in a year. So the cost per year was Rs.49.40 (US$0.62). The cost per household was calculated as Rs. 129.56 (US$1.65) per cycle and Rs.259.12 and US$3.30 per year for residual spraying.Conclusion: In this cost analysis of indoor residual spraying, the cost per household per year was found Rs. 259.12 and US$3.30. The cost calculated per person protected per year was Rs. 49.40 and US$0.62. This analysis would be more complete if a comparative study of both costs and effectiveness of various vector control measures are undertaken in Nepal.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 175-179

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