scholarly journals Transgenic Mosquitoes Fight against Malaria: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Laxmi Shrestha ◽  
Shraddha Prakash ◽  
Roshan Kumar Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
Transgenic Mosquitoes

Malaria control with transgenic mosquitoes will be challenging; however, recent advances suggest that it may be a possibility in the foreseeable future. Progress towards discovering refractory genes for rodent malaria and gene drive systems for Drosophila provide hope that similar advances may be made for human malaria in mosquito vector species. That said, the African malaria burden has proved exceptionally difficult to diminish by all means tried thus far; and it is unlikely that transgenic mosquitoes will provide an all-in-one solution. Transgenic mosquitoes should be considered within the context of an integrated vector management strategy which should also include insecticide-treated bed-nets, indoor residual spraying with insecticides and treatment of infected individuals with antimalarial drugs. Integrated strategies will be a necessity for any successful african malaria control program and transgenic mosquitoes should be considered as a potential ingredient in the future goal of continent-wide disease control.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Insecticide Spraying For Malaria Control In A Terai District Of Eastern Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Pramod Singh GC ◽  
P K Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Disease Control Program ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The Cost

Background: Malaria is one of the public health problems in Nepal. It is estimated that 25% of population of Nepal are infected by malaria at any time. Malaria control program was first initiated in 1954 with support of USAID through the Insect Born Disease Control Program. This program was changed into Malaria Eradication Program in 1958. The program was reverted to control program in 1978.Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of insecticide spraying from the provider’s perspective in a Terai district of eastern Nepal.Methods: Morang District of eastern Terai was purposively selected. A pre-tested interview was used to collect data from program managers and government officers in the Malaria Control Program. The main categories of variables were manpower, insecticide, pump and others.Results: The cost for indoor residual spraying per person protected was calculated as Rs.24.70 (US$0.31). This cost was for one cycle and there were two cycles in a year. So the cost per year was Rs.49.40 (US$0.62). The cost per household was calculated as Rs. 129.56 (US$1.65) per cycle and Rs.259.12 and US$3.30 per year for residual spraying.Conclusion: In this cost analysis of indoor residual spraying, the cost per household per year was found Rs. 259.12 and US$3.30. The cost calculated per person protected per year was Rs. 49.40 and US$0.62. This analysis would be more complete if a comparative study of both costs and effectiveness of various vector control measures are undertaken in Nepal.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 175-179

scholarly journals Performance of pirimiphos-methyl based Indoor Residual Spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in the pyrethroid resistance region of Koulikoro, Mali.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa KEITA ◽  
Nafomon SOGOBA ◽  
Boïssé Traoré ◽  
Fousseyni Kané ◽  
Boubacar Coulibaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
National Malaria Control Program ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Abstract Background:Vector control relies heavily on Long-lasting insecticidal nets ( (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in selected districts in Mali including Koulikoro district. As part of strengthening vector control strategies in the district, IRS was initiated by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) with the support of the US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) since 2008. LLINs coverage was 93.3% and 98.2% for IRS in Koulikoro, the only district of the region where IRS was supported by PMI. Following mosquito vector resistance to both pyrethroid and carbamates, organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl) was used for the IRS campaigns of 2015 and 2016 in the district of Koulikoro. In this study, we assessed the effect of IRS on malaria transmission by comparing entomological indices in of the district of Koulikoro, where IRS was implemented and its neighbored district of Banamba, where IRS had never been implemented. Methods:The study was conducted in two villages of each district (Koulikoro and Banamba). Pyrethrum spray catches and entry window trapping were used to collect mosquitoes on a monthly basis. WHO tube tests were carried out to assess mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Mosquitoes were identified to species level by PCR and their infection to P. falciparum was detected by ELISA.Results:Of the 527 specimens identified, An. coluzzii was the most frequent species (95%) followed by An. gambiae (4%) and An. arabiensis (1%). Its density was rainfall dependent in the no-IRS area, and almost independent in the IRS area. The infection rate (IR) in the no-IRS area was 0.96%, while it was null in the IRS area. In the no-IRS area, the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was 0.21 infective bites /person month with a peak in September. High resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates and susceptibility to organophosphates was observed at all sites.Conclusion:The introduction of pirimiphos-methyl based IRS in the area resulted in a significant decrease in malaria transmission. An.gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector of the area, was resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates, and remained susceptible to the organophosphates.

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures in Ghana will require taking transmission dynamics of the disease into account given the influence of climate variability in the region of interest. The impact of preventative interventions on malaria incidence and the prospects of meeting program timelines in Ghana have been investigated using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones. Methods An ordinary non-linear differential equation model with its associated rate parameters was developed incorporating the transitions between various disease compartments for three ecological zones in Ghana. Model parameters were estimated using data captured on the District Health Information Management System in Ghana from 2008 to 2017.The impact of insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying on the incidence of malaria were simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone. To fit the model, Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach was adopted. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long lasting insecticide treated bed nets or indoor residual spraying activities without a corresponding increase in their proper use or patronage does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria in Ghana. Improving on the protective efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets through proper usage could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all zones. Conclusions Projected goals set in the National Strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020 as well as WHO targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030 are only likely be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high efficacy.

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: a population level mathematical modelling approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P. Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background This paper investigates the impact of malaria preventive interventions in Ghana and the prospects of achieving programme goals using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones of the country. Methods Using data from the District Health Information Management System of the Ghana Health Service from 2008 to 2017, and historical intervention coverage levels, ordinary non-linear differential equations models were developed. These models incorporated transitions amongst various disease compartments for the three main ecological zones in Ghana. The Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach, with a distance based rejection criteria, was adopted for calibration. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive parameters were evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis. The impact of insecticide-treated bed nets and their usage, and indoor residual spraying, as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria, was simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the Ghana malaria control strategy for 2014–2020. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities, without a corresponding increase in their recommended utilization, does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving proper usage of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all ecological zones of Ghana. Conclusions Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014–2020, as well as World Health Organization targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030, are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved, coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy.

scholarly journals Rapid selection of a pyrethroid metabolic enzyme CYP9K1 by operational malaria control activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (18) ◽  
pp. 4619-4624 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Vontas ◽  
Linda Grigoraki ◽  
John Morgan ◽  
Dimitra Tsakireli ◽  
Godwin Fuseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Bioko Island ◽  
Malaria Control Program

Since 2004, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-impregnated bednets (LLINs) have reduced the malaria parasite prevalence in children on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, from 45% to 12%. After target site-based (knockdown resistance; kdr) pyrethroid resistance was detected in 2004 in Anopheles coluzzii (formerly known as the M form of the Anopheles gambiae complex), the carbamate bendiocarb was introduced. Subsequent analysis showed that kdr alone was not operationally significant, so pyrethroid-based IRS was successfully reintroduced in 2012. In 2007 and 2014–2015, mass distribution of new pyrethroid LLINs was undertaken to increase the net coverage levels. The combined selection pressure of IRS and LLINs resulted in an increase in the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in 2015. In addition to a significant increase in kdr frequency, an additional metabolic pyrethroid resistance mechanism had been selected. Increased metabolism of the pyrethroid deltamethrin was linked with up-regulation of the cytochrome P450 CYP9K1. The increase in resistance prompted a reversion to bendiocarb IRS in 2016 to avoid a resurgence of malaria, in line with the national Malaria Control Program plan.

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures in Ghana will require taking transmission dynamics of the disease into account given the influence of climate variability in the region of interest. The impact of preventative interventions on malaria incidence and the prospects of meeting program timelines in Ghana were investigated using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones. Methods An ordinary non-linear differential equation models with their associated rate parameters were developed incorporating the transitions between various disease compartments for three ecological zones in Ghana. Models were fitted using data from the District Health Information Management System in Ghana from 2008 to 2017 and historical intervention coverage levels. To calibrate the models, Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach with a distance based rejection criteria was adopted. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive evaluated using a multivariate regression sensitivity analysis. The impact of insecticide treated bed nets and their usage and indoor residual spraying as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria were simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the malaria control strategy for 2014-2020. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long lasting insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities without a corresponding increase in their recommended usage does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving upon the protective efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets through proper usage could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all zones.Conclusions Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020 as well as WHO targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030 are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy. Key words: model, malaria, interventions, long lasting insecticide bednets, indoor residual spraying

scholarly journals Design and methods for a quasi-experimental pilot study to evaluate the impact of dual active ingredient insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in five regions in sub-Saharan Africa

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adama Gansané ◽  
Baltazar Candrinho ◽  
Aimable Mbituyumuremyi ◽  
Perpetua Uhomoibhi ◽  
Sagnon NFalé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Vector control tools have contributed significantly to a reduction in malaria burden since 2000, primarily through insecticidal-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying. In the face of increasing insecticide resistance in key malaria vector species, global progress in malaria control has stalled. Innovative tools, such as dual active ingredient (dual-AI) ITNs that are effective at killing insecticide-resistant mosquitoes have recently been introduced. However, large-scale uptake has been slow for several reasons, including higher costs and limited evidence on their incremental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The present report describes the design of several observational studies aimed to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dual-AI ITNs, compared to standard pyrethroid-only ITNs, at reducing malaria transmission across a variety of transmission settings. Methods Observational pilot studies are ongoing in Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Rwanda, leveraging dual-AI ITN rollouts nested within the 2019 and 2020 mass distribution campaigns in each country. Enhanced surveillance occurring in select study districts include annual cross-sectional surveys during peak transmission seasons, monthly entomological surveillance, passive case detection using routine health facility surveillance systems, and studies on human behaviour and ITN use patterns. Data will compare changes in malaria transmission and disease burden in districts receiving dual-AI ITNs to similar districts receiving standard pyrethroid-only ITNs over three years. The costs of net distribution will be calculated using the provider perspective including financial and economic costs, and a cost-effectiveness analysis will assess incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for Interceptor® G2, Royal Guard®, and piperonyl butoxide ITNs in comparison to standard pyrethroid-only ITNs, based on incidence rate ratios calculated from routine data. Conclusions Evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the dual-AI ITNs from these pilot studies will complement evidence from two contemporary cluster randomized control trials, one in Benin and one in Tanzania, to provide key information to malaria control programmes, policymakers, and donors to help guide decision-making and planning for local malaria control and elimination strategies. Understanding the breadth of contexts where these dual-AI ITNs are most effective and collecting robust information on factors influencing comparative effectiveness could improve uptake and availability and help maximize their impact.

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
District Health ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: This paper investigates the impact of malaria preventive interventions in Ghana and the prospects of achieving program goals using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones of the country. Methods: Using data from the District Health Information Management System of the Ghana Health Service from 2008 to 2017 and historical intervention coverage levels, ordinary non-linear differential equations models were developed incorporating transistions between various disease compartments for the three main ecological zones in Ghana. The Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach, with a distance based rejection criteria, was adopted for calibration. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis. The impact of insecticide treated bed nets and their usage and indoor residual spraying as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria were simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the Ghana malaria control strategy for 2014-2020. Results: Increasing the coverage levels of both long lasting insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities without a corresponding increase in their recommended utilisation does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving proper usage of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all ecological zones of Ghana. Conclusions: Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020 as well as WHO targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030 are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy.

scholarly journals Upaya Pengendalian Malaria Dalam Rangka Pre-Eliminasi di Kabupaten Garut: Sebuah studi kualitatif

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Endang Puji Astuti ◽  
Mara Ipa ◽  
Aryo Ginanjar ◽  
Tri Wahono
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Program Policy ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Insecticide Spray

Indonesia is one of the malaria-endemic countries commits to eliminate malaria in 2030. The implementation of malaria control program policy is a determinant to achieve the goal. This research was qualitative that described the implementation of malaria control program policy in Garut Regency, West Java Province. The data collected through in-depth interviews and documents’ review. The implementation of malaria control had referred to guidelines from the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. This control was also technically adjusted to regional conditions. Case detection of malaria was conducted such as a mass blood survey, rapid diagnostic tests and a microscopic laboratory test both passive and active. The malaria case surveillance has already accomplished. However, the vector was left. The malaria vector control focused on the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and the insecticide spray by the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) technique. The analysis indicated that the cross-program cooperation at the central government was well coordinated. However, at the level of the district, this cooperation has to be tightened. Moreover, malaria control budget was still the under district level, so that controlling malaria program did not cover all aspects of the implementation. Abstrak Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara endemis malaria, berkomitmen melakukan eliminasi di tahun 2030. Implementasi kebijakan program pengendalian malaria menjadi determinan keberhasilan eliminasi. Tujuan penelitian ini memberikan gambaran pelaksanaan program pengendalian malaria di Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam pada pengelola Program Penanggulangan Malaria serta telaah dokumen dan data dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pelaksanaan program pengendalian malaria di Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat sudah merujuk pada pedoman Kementerian Kesehatan RI, secara teknisnya disesuaikan dengan kondisi wilayah. Penemuan penderita dilakukan secara pasif maupun aktif melalui Mass Blood Survey (MBS), dengan pemeriksaan menggunakan Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) dan laboratorium secara mikroskopis, Surveilans yang dilakukan oleh Puskesmas hanya terfokus pada surveilans kasus dan belum dilakukan surveilans vektor malaria. Pengendalian vektor malaria yang dilakukan berupa pembagian kelambu dan penyemprotan insektisida dengan metode Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS).  Kerjasama lintas program berjalan dengan baik, namun kerjasama lintas sektor terutama pada tingkat kabupaten masih perlu dilakukan dan ditingkatkan. Pembiayaan program pengendalian malaria hanya dari pemerintah daerah dan belum dapat mengakomodir kegiatan pengendalian secara keseluruhan.    

scholarly journals Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Awine ◽  
Sheetal P Silal
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background This paper investigates the impact of malaria preventive interventions in Ghana and the prospects of achieving programme goals using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones of the country. Methods Using data from the District Health Information Management System of the Ghana Health Service from 2008 to 2017, and historical intervention coverage levels, ordinary non-linear differential equations models were developed. These models incorporated transitions amongst various disease compartments for the three main ecological zones in Ghana. The Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach, with a distance based rejection criteria, was adopted for calibration. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive parameters were evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis. The impact of insecticide-treated bed nets and their usage, and indoor residual spraying, as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria, was simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the Ghana malaria control strategy for 2014-2020. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities, without a corresponding increase in their recommended utilization, does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving proper usage of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all ecological zones of Ghana. Conclusions Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020, as well as World Health Organization targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030, are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved, coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy.

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