scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Insecticide Spraying For Malaria Control In A Terai District Of Eastern Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Pramod Singh GC ◽  
P K Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Disease Control Program ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The Cost

Background: Malaria is one of the public health problems in Nepal. It is estimated that 25% of population of Nepal are infected by malaria at any time. Malaria control program was first initiated in 1954 with support of USAID through the Insect Born Disease Control Program. This program was changed into Malaria Eradication Program in 1958. The program was reverted to control program in 1978.Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of insecticide spraying from the provider’s perspective in a Terai district of eastern Nepal.Methods: Morang District of eastern Terai was purposively selected. A pre-tested interview was used to collect data from program managers and government officers in the Malaria Control Program. The main categories of variables were manpower, insecticide, pump and others.Results: The cost for indoor residual spraying per person protected was calculated as Rs.24.70 (US$0.31). This cost was for one cycle and there were two cycles in a year. So the cost per year was Rs.49.40 (US$0.62). The cost per household was calculated as Rs. 129.56 (US$1.65) per cycle and Rs.259.12 and US$3.30 per year for residual spraying.Conclusion: In this cost analysis of indoor residual spraying, the cost per household per year was found Rs. 259.12 and US$3.30. The cost calculated per person protected per year was Rs. 49.40 and US$0.62. This analysis would be more complete if a comparative study of both costs and effectiveness of various vector control measures are undertaken in Nepal.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 175-179

scholarly journals Transgenic Mosquitoes Fight against Malaria: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Laxmi Shrestha ◽  
Shraddha Prakash ◽  
Roshan Kumar Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
Transgenic Mosquitoes

Malaria control with transgenic mosquitoes will be challenging; however, recent advances suggest that it may be a possibility in the foreseeable future. Progress towards discovering refractory genes for rodent malaria and gene drive systems for Drosophila provide hope that similar advances may be made for human malaria in mosquito vector species. That said, the African malaria burden has proved exceptionally difficult to diminish by all means tried thus far; and it is unlikely that transgenic mosquitoes will provide an all-in-one solution. Transgenic mosquitoes should be considered within the context of an integrated vector management strategy which should also include insecticide-treated bed-nets, indoor residual spraying with insecticides and treatment of infected individuals with antimalarial drugs. Integrated strategies will be a necessity for any successful african malaria control program and transgenic mosquitoes should be considered as a potential ingredient in the future goal of continent-wide disease control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Supervised Antimalarial Treatment on P. Vivax Malaria Recurrences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelry Mazurega Oliveira Dinelly ◽  
Sheila Vitor-Silva ◽  
Jose Diego Brito-Sousa ◽  
Vanderson Souza Sampaio ◽  
Milena Gabriela Oliveira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Vivax Malaria ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
The Real ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
National Malaria Control Program ◽  
The Cost

Abstract BackgroundRelapses in vivax malaria have posed great challenges to malaria control, accounting for a great proportion of reported cases. Knowing the real effectiveness of 7 day primaquine (PQ) scheme is crucial to understand not only the cost-effectiveness of implementing new anti-hypnozoite drugs but how health education strategies can guarantee better compliance and be reinforced. This study aimed the evaluation of the daily supervised treatment effect with chloroquine and PQ (in consented patients) versus prescription without supervision (non-consented patients), and the outcome was the passive detection of new positive thick blood smears until 180 days, based on the official data records from the National Malaria Control Program. The recurrences seen in the real life were therefore used as a surrogate for true relapses. Patients under supervised treatment had a lower risk of recurrence until day 180 when compared to the unsupervised treatment (17.9% vs 36.1%; p=0.027). The lack of consent in the non-supervised group (which followed standard of care in the real life) enabled proper comparison, as consent itself could lead to better compliance in this group. Future studies should scale such analysis to different settings in the Brazilian Amazon.

scholarly journals Rapid selection of a pyrethroid metabolic enzyme CYP9K1 by operational malaria control activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (18) ◽  
pp. 4619-4624 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Vontas ◽  
Linda Grigoraki ◽  
John Morgan ◽  
Dimitra Tsakireli ◽  
Godwin Fuseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Bioko Island ◽  
Malaria Control Program

Since 2004, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-impregnated bednets (LLINs) have reduced the malaria parasite prevalence in children on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, from 45% to 12%. After target site-based (knockdown resistance; kdr) pyrethroid resistance was detected in 2004 in Anopheles coluzzii (formerly known as the M form of the Anopheles gambiae complex), the carbamate bendiocarb was introduced. Subsequent analysis showed that kdr alone was not operationally significant, so pyrethroid-based IRS was successfully reintroduced in 2012. In 2007 and 2014–2015, mass distribution of new pyrethroid LLINs was undertaken to increase the net coverage levels. The combined selection pressure of IRS and LLINs resulted in an increase in the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in 2015. In addition to a significant increase in kdr frequency, an additional metabolic pyrethroid resistance mechanism had been selected. Increased metabolism of the pyrethroid deltamethrin was linked with up-regulation of the cytochrome P450 CYP9K1. The increase in resistance prompted a reversion to bendiocarb IRS in 2016 to avoid a resurgence of malaria, in line with the national Malaria Control Program plan.

scholarly journals 2015: The beginning of the end of the war against malaria

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Richard Tjan
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Control Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
Roll Back Malaria ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
Roll Back ◽  
Eighth World

In May 2015 the 62th World Health Assembly formulated a global malaria strategy for 2016-2030 aiming to “reduce the global disease burden by 40% by 2020, and by at least 90% by 2030. It also aims to eliminate malaria in at least 35 new countries by 2030”.(1) As a reminder, it was 60 years ago that the Eighth World Health Assembly decided in 1955 to shift from malaria control to malaria eradication, with the aim to make many areas of free of malaria “within 10 to 15 years”.(2) This has yet to be accomplished in many malaria endemic countries such as Indonesia, where the earliest program was the malaria eradication program of 1959, evolving into the malaria control program, the roll-back malaria program, and finally in 2012 into the malaria elimination program.(3) In view of the ever-present insecticideresistance

scholarly journals Upaya Pengendalian Malaria Dalam Rangka Pre-Eliminasi di Kabupaten Garut: Sebuah studi kualitatif

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Endang Puji Astuti ◽  
Mara Ipa ◽  
Aryo Ginanjar ◽  
Tri Wahono
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Program Policy ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Insecticide Spray

Indonesia is one of the malaria-endemic countries commits to eliminate malaria in 2030. The implementation of malaria control program policy is a determinant to achieve the goal. This research was qualitative that described the implementation of malaria control program policy in Garut Regency, West Java Province. The data collected through in-depth interviews and documents’ review. The implementation of malaria control had referred to guidelines from the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. This control was also technically adjusted to regional conditions. Case detection of malaria was conducted such as a mass blood survey, rapid diagnostic tests and a microscopic laboratory test both passive and active. The malaria case surveillance has already accomplished. However, the vector was left. The malaria vector control focused on the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and the insecticide spray by the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) technique. The analysis indicated that the cross-program cooperation at the central government was well coordinated. However, at the level of the district, this cooperation has to be tightened. Moreover, malaria control budget was still the under district level, so that controlling malaria program did not cover all aspects of the implementation. Abstrak Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara endemis malaria, berkomitmen melakukan eliminasi di tahun 2030. Implementasi kebijakan program pengendalian malaria menjadi determinan keberhasilan eliminasi. Tujuan penelitian ini memberikan gambaran pelaksanaan program pengendalian malaria di Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam pada pengelola Program Penanggulangan Malaria serta telaah dokumen dan data dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pelaksanaan program pengendalian malaria di Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat sudah merujuk pada pedoman Kementerian Kesehatan RI, secara teknisnya disesuaikan dengan kondisi wilayah. Penemuan penderita dilakukan secara pasif maupun aktif melalui Mass Blood Survey (MBS), dengan pemeriksaan menggunakan Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) dan laboratorium secara mikroskopis, Surveilans yang dilakukan oleh Puskesmas hanya terfokus pada surveilans kasus dan belum dilakukan surveilans vektor malaria. Pengendalian vektor malaria yang dilakukan berupa pembagian kelambu dan penyemprotan insektisida dengan metode Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS).  Kerjasama lintas program berjalan dengan baik, namun kerjasama lintas sektor terutama pada tingkat kabupaten masih perlu dilakukan dan ditingkatkan. Pembiayaan program pengendalian malaria hanya dari pemerintah daerah dan belum dapat mengakomodir kegiatan pengendalian secara keseluruhan.    

scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

Post-Disaster Malaria in Costa Rica

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocio Sáenz ◽  
Richard A. Bissell ◽  
Francisco Paniagua
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Post Disaster

AbstractIntroduction:In recent years, controversy has surrounded the issue of whether infectious disease should be considered a serious potential consequence of natural disasters. This article contributes to this debate with evidence of a significant outbreak of malaria in Costa Rica's Atlantic region after the 1991 earthquake and subsequent floods.Methods:This study is an epidemiologic investigation of the incidence of malaria for the periods of 22 months before the April 1991 Limon earthquake and for 13 months afterward. Data were obtained from the Costa Rican Ministry of Health's malaria control program.Results:Some of the cantons in the region experienced increases in the incidence of malaria as high as 1,600% and 4,700% above the average monthly rate for the pre-earthquake period (p ≤0.01). Causal mechanisms are postulated as relating to changes in human behavior (increased exposure to mosquitoes while sleeping outside, and a temporary pause in malaria control activities), changes in the habitat that were beneficial to mosquito breeding (landslide deforestation, river damming, and rerouting), and the floods of August 1991.Conclusions:It is recommended that there be enhanced awareness of the potential consequences of disaster-wrought environmental changes.Date of Event: 22 April 1991; Type: Earthquake, 7.4 Richter scale; Location: Costa Rica; Number of deaths and casualties: 54 deaths and 505 moderate to severe injuries.

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