Molecular characterization of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major from stray dogs and patients in Saudi Arabia

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when occurring in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the prevalence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infects humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qassim (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients, suspected for Leishmania, were examined for CL by a nested PCR (nPCR). Results: Nested PCR (nPCR) detected seven patients (25.9%) positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qassim by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica . Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and further epidemiological investigations of domestic and wild canids infected with L. major and L. tropica are needed towards a control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Molecular characterization of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major from stray dogs and patients in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.2.22961/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah D Alanazi ◽

Abdulazi S Alouffi S Alouffi ◽

Mohamed S Alyousif S Alyousif ◽

Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽

Magda A Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Human Populations ◽

Leishmania Tropica ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Wild Canids ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when occurring in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the prevalence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infects humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qassim (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients, suspected for Leishmania, were examined for CL by a nested PCR (nPCR).Results: Nested PCR (nPCR) detected seven patients (25.9%) positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qassim by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica. Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and further epidemiological investigations of domestic and wild canids infected with L. major and L. tropica are needed towards a control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Molecular characterization of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major from stray dogs and patients in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.2.22961/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah D Alanazi ◽

Abdulazi S Alouffi S Alouffi ◽

Mohamed S Alyousif S Alyousif ◽

Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽

Magada A Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Human Populations ◽

Leishmania Tropica ◽

Conventional Pcr ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when occurring in sympatry in the same area, the role of each species in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis is not clear.Methods: To determine the prevalence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infect humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qaseem (Saudi Arabia), blood samples were collected from stray dogs (n = 311) and human patients (n = 27). A conventional PCR coupled with a nested PCR (n PCR) were applied in this study.Results: A conventional PCR coupled with a nested PCR (n PCR) showed that seven patients (25.9%) from Riyadh city and Al-Qaseem province were infected by L. major and L. tropica and five dogs (1.6%) by L. tropica.Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and further epidemiological investigations of domestic and wild canine infected with L. major and L. tropica are needed towards a control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Molecular characterization of Leishmania species from stray dogs and patients in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.2.22961/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah D Alanazi ◽

Abdulazi S Alouffi ◽

Mohamed S Alyousif ◽

Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽

Magda A Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Leishmania Species ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Human Populations ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Wild Canids ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when occurring in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the prevalence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infects humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qassim (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients, suspected for Leishmania, were examined for CL by a nested PCR (nPCR).Results: Nested PCR (nPCR) detected seven patients (25.9%) positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qassim by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica. Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and further epidemiological investigations of domestic and wild canids infected with L. major and L. tropica are needed towards a control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Molecular characterization of Leishmania species from stray dogs and patients in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.2.22961/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah D Alanazi ◽

Abdulazi S Alouffi ◽

Mohamed S Alyousif ◽

Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽

Magda A Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Leishmania Species ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Human Populations ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Wild Canids ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when occurring in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the prevalence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infects humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qassim (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients, suspected for Leishmania, were examined for CL by a nested PCR (nPCR).Results: Nested PCR (nPCR) detected seven patients (25.9%) positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qassim by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica. Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and further epidemiological investigations of domestic and wild canids infected with L. major and L. tropica are needed towards a control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Molecular characterization of Leishmania species from stray dogs and patients in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.2.22961/v6 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah D Alanazi ◽

Abdulazi S Alouffi ◽

Mohamed S Alyousif ◽

Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽

Magda A Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Leishmania Species ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Human Populations ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Wild Canids ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when occurring in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the prevalence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infects humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qaseem (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients, suspected for Leishmania, were examined for CL by a nested PCR (nPCR).Results: Nested PCR (nPCR) detected seven patients (25.9%) positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qaseem by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica. Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and further epidemiological investigations of domestic and wild canids infected with L. major and L. tropica are needed towards a control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Molecular Characterisation of Leishmania Species from Stray Dogs and Patients in Saudi Arabia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-133336/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah D Alanazi ◽

Abdulazi S Alouffi ◽

Mohamed S Alyousif ◽

Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽

Magda A Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Leishmania Species ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Human Populations ◽

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when they occur in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the frequency of occurrence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infect humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qaseem (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients who were suspected for Leishmania were examined for CL by a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR).Results: The use of nPCR detected seven patients (25.9%) who were positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qaseem by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica. Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis to be conducted in Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand-fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and epidemiological investigations are required in order to progress towards control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

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Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2019.49-53 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 49-53

Author(s):

Mohammad Darvishi ◽

Abedin Saghafipour ◽

Eslam Moradi-Asl ◽

Reza Jafari ◽

Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Abundance ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Human Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Spp ◽

Southwest Of Iran

Background and Aim: Zoonotic rodents (Rodentia: Muridae: Gerbillinae) and Phlebotominae sand flies are the major reservoir hosts and vectors of Leishmania major causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. This study was carried out to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Tangestan County, Southwest Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on human cases, probable reservoirs, and vectors of CL at Tangestan County in 2017. The data of patients were taken on health centers and analyzed. To determination faunistic of sand flies, they were collected using sticky paper traps and identified using identification keys. The rodent samples were captured using Sherman live traps and determined for amastigote infection. Results: A total of 436 cases occurred during 2005-2017 and the incidence rate of disease was 0.2-12/100,000 people. Six species of sand flies including three species of Phlebotomus and three species of Sergentomyia including Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus alexandri, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Sergentomyia baghdadis, and Sergentomyia clydei were identified. From 185 trapped rodents, 9 species were identified. We founded, 2 out of 132 Tatera indica (1.53%) were positive with Leishmania spp. using the microscopic method. Conclusion: According to the existence of human leishmaniasis cases as a host, T. indica with high abundance and infected to Leishmania as a reservoir, and existence of P. papatasi with high abundance as a suspected vector of disease; there is a potential for transmission of disease in the area. Design of exact control and prevention strategies is highly recommended.

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PCR-positivity of gerbils and their ectoparasites for Leishmania spp. in a hyperendemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran

10.21203/rs.2.21837/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sahar Azarmi ◽

Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani ◽

Mehdi Mohebali ◽

Yavar Rassi ◽

Amir Ahmad Akhavan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Microscopic Examination ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Central Iran ◽

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Spp ◽

Leishmania Parasites

Abstract Background: Sand flies are the only known vectors of Leishmania parasites. Various arthropods, including ticks have been suggested as secondary vectors of Leishmania spp. many years ago. This study was conducted to determine PCR-positivity of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis reservoir hosts and their ectoparasites for Leishmania spp. in central Iran. Methods: Microscopic examination and nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) were used to detect and identify species of Leishmania and the results were confirmed by two methods, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing. Results: Totally, 93 rodents (Rhomombis opimus (n=92) and Nesokia indica (n=1)) were captured during different seasons and 9 different species of ectoparasites were collected from them. Out of 92 collected R. opimus, 14 were positive for Leishmania spp. by microscopic examination while one N. indica and 77 R. opimus were positive by nested-PCR. The infection rate of rodents with Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica was 39.79% (37) and 15.05% (14), respectively. Mixed natural infections with L. major and L. turanica were seen in 15.05% of the rodents (14), in 7.53% of the rodents (7) with L. major and Leishmania gerbilli, and in 6.45% of the rodents (6) with the three species. The leishmanial infection rate of the rodents was the highest (94.29%) in summer and lowest (45.45%) in the winter. Moreover, 39 out of 54 fleas (72.22%), 5 out of 8 mites (75%), and 1 tick nymph (100%) were PCR-positive for Leishmania parasites. Conclusions: The highest rate of infection with L. major and L. turanica in R. opimus populations was observed in the summer and spring respectively, and the highest percentage of L. major and L. turanica coinfection was seen in the winter. It is suggested that the role of L. turanica and the probable role of ectoparasites in the transmission of epidemiology should be investigated carefully. Xenodiagnostic testing is recommended for future testing.

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Leishmanicidal Activity of Plant Extracts from Sefrou, a Moroccan Focus of Leishmaniasis, against Various Leishmania Parasites in the Promastigote Stage

Phytothérapie ◽

10.3166/phyto-2018-0085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. Zeouk ◽

A. Et-Touys ◽

M. Balouiri ◽

H. Fellah ◽

A. El Ouali Lalami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Local Population ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Leishmania Tropica ◽

Cistus Salviifolius

According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis remains a major worldwide public health problem. The province of Sefrou located in the center of Morocco is a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The present study aims at evaluating the antileishmanial potential of Berberis sp.,Crataegus oxyacantha, Cistus salviifolius, Ephedra altissima and Lavandula dentatafrequently used by the local population. Methanolic extracts were tested against the promastigote form ofLeishmania tropica, Leishmania majorandLeishmania infantumusing tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. The total phenol and flavonoids content of all extracts were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride, and potassium acetate solutions respectively. The plant extracts exhibited antileishmanial activity with variability depending on the tested strain and the plant species compared to Glucantime® used as control (IC50 (the half maximal inhibitory concentration) > 1,000 μg/mL). The best inhibition was observed with Berberis sp., againstLeishmania major(IC50 = 394.40 ± 3.02 μg/ml), andEphedra altissima(reported for the first time) againstLeishmania infantum(IC50 = 490.84 ± 3.15 μg/mL).Leishmania tropicahas shown the same sensitivity behavior toward the five extracts (in average IC50 = 540 ± 11.20 μg/mL). The total phenolic content was higher forCrataegus oxyacanthaandCistus salviifolius(140.67 ± 3.17 μg eq Gallic Acid (GA)/ mg of Extract (E) and 133.83 ± 9.03 μg eq GA/mg of E respectively), while flavonoid was higher forCistus salviifoliusandLavandula dentata(57.92 ± 2.46 μg eq Quercetin (Que)/ mg of Extract (E) and 41.53 ± 1.74 μg eq Que/mg of E). All the tested extracts present some promising aspects that may cure cutaneous leishmaniasis in the center of Morocco; further bioguided assays are needed to isolate the fractions and the bioactive molecule.

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