scholarly journals Low-Stress Livestock Handling Protects Cattle in a Five-Predator Habitat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi X Louchouarn ◽  
Adrian Treves
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Newly Hired

Abstract Given the ecological importance of top predators, societies are turning to non-lethal methods for coexistence. Coexistence is challenging when livestock are released within wild predator habitats, even when people supervise or use lethal methods. We report a randomized, controlled design to evaluate low-stress livestock handling (L-SLH), a form of range riding, to deter grizzly (brown) bears, gray wolves, cougars, black bears, and coyotes in Southwestern Alberta. The treatment condition was supervision by two newly hired and trained range riders and an L-SLH practicing range rider. This treatment was compared against a baseline pseudo-control condition of the single experienced range rider working alone. Cattle experienced zero injuries or deaths in either condition. We infer that inexperienced range riders trained and supervised by an experienced rider did not raise or lower the risk to cattle. Also, predators did not shift to the cattle herds protected by fewer range riders. Pending experimental evaluation of other designs, we recommend use of L-SLH.

Exploring Fathers’ Engagement With Home Visiting: The Tennessee Dad Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-513
Author(s):  
Heidi E. Stolz ◽  
Melissa Rector LaGraff ◽  
K. Nicole Mullican ◽  
Lisa A. Connor ◽  
Meagan J. Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Home Visit ◽  
Home Visiting ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Nonresidential Fathers ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cluster Randomized ◽  
And Control

This study explores fathers’ engagement with home visiting in the “Tennessee Dad” project, a cluster randomized-controlled trial of an in-home parenting education program for fathers delivered alongside a primary home visiting curriculum. Results from three mixed models using data from 2,916 visits with treatment ( n = 113) and control ( n = 117) condition families indicated that visits to treatment condition families were more likely to have a father present than visits to control condition families, but there were no differences between conditions on participation minutes or level of interest. Nonresidential fathers did not differ from married and cohabiting fathers on presence at home visit, controlling for covariates. Implications are discussed, including the need for father-specific materials and father-inclusive funding.

scholarly journals Heart rate during hyperphagia differs between two bear species

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Fuchs ◽  
Koji Yamazaki ◽  
Alina L. Evans ◽  
Toshio Tsubota ◽  
Shinsuke Koike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Generalized Additive Mixed Models ◽  
Additive Mixed Models ◽  
Increased Activity

Hyperphagia is a critical part of the yearly cycle of bears when they gain fat reserves before entering hibernation. We used heart rate as a proxy to compare the metabolic rate between the Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) in Japan and the Eurasian brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) in Sweden from summer into hibernation. In the hyperphagic period, black bears feed on fat- and carbohydrate-rich hard masts whereas brown bears feed on sugar-rich berries. Availability of hard masts has quantitative and spatial annual fluctuations, which might require increased activity and result in intraspecific stress. Using generalized additive mixed models we analysed the differences in heart rate between the two species. Black bears had decreased heart rates during summer but had doubled heart rate values throughout the hyperphagic period compared to brown bears. This letter illustrates the different physiological consequences of seasonal differences in food availability in two species of the same genus dealing with the same phenological challenge.

Non-invasive genetic sampling of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East: A pilot study

Ursus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Latham ◽  
Jeff B. Stetz ◽  
Ivan Seryodkin ◽  
Dale Miquelle ◽  
Michael L. Gibeau
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Genetic Sampling ◽  
The Russian Far East

When top predators become prey: Black bears alter movement behaviour in response to hunting pressure

2015 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Stillfried ◽  
Jerrold L. Belant ◽  
Nathan J. Svoboda ◽  
Dean E. Beyer ◽  
Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
Keyword(s):  
Black Bears ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Hunting Pressure ◽  
Top Predators

Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2985-2992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Cronin ◽  
Steven C. Amstrup ◽  
Gerald W. Garner ◽  
Ernest R. Vyse
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
North American ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Base Substitutions

We assessed mitochondrial DNA variation in North American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (0.05 base substitutions per nucleotide) were identified in populations of black bears from Montana and Oregon. In contrast, very similar haplotypes occur in black bears across North America. This discordance of haplotype phylogeny and geographic distribution indicates that there has been maintenance of polymorphism and considerable gene flow throughout the history of the species. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in brown bears and polar bears is lower than in black bears. The two morphological forms of U. arctos, grizzly and coastal brown bears, are not in distinct mtDNA lineages. Interspecific comparisons indicate that brown bears and polar bears share similar mitochondrial DNA (0.023 base substitutions per nucleotide) which is quite divergent (0.078 base substitutions per nucleotide) from that of black bears. High mitochondrial DNA divergence within black bears and paraphyletic relationships of brown and polar bear mitochondrial DNA indicate that intraspecific variation across species' ranges should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA.

scholarly journals Habitat segregation between brown bears and gray wolves in a human-dominated landscape

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (23) ◽  
pp. 11450-11466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Milleret ◽  
Andrés Ordiz ◽  
Guillaume Chapron ◽  
Harry Peter Andreassen ◽  
Jonas Kindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Segregation ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Gray Wolves

Hematology of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) from southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Pearson ◽  
D. W. Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Erythrocyte Count ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Iron Binding ◽  
Total Iron Binding Capacity ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Erythrocyte Indices ◽  
Iron Binding Capacity

Blood samples from 22 brown bears (Ursus arctos) and 5 black bears (Ursus americanus) were examined for erythrocyte count, erythrocyte morphology, erythrocyte diameter, hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte indices, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, leucocyte count, and leucocyte differential count.A statistically significant decrease in erythrocyte count and hematocrit and increase in erythrocyte indices was found in brown bears from spring to summer. Limited evidence suggests that the spring to summer change may be reversed in the fall.No differences were apparent between sexes at any season but it was indicated that young bears had lower red blood cell concentration, lower hematocrit, and lower hemoglobin concentration than other animals.Leucocyte differential counts in the study were similar to those reported for other bears. Anisocytosis with numerous spherocytes and burr cells characterized the erythrocytes.Serum iron and total iron-binding capacity varied but did not suggest iron-deficiency anemia.Hematology results for the black bears were similar to those of brown bears but our small sample did not allow an investigation of seasonal changes in the species.

An Ice Age Refugium for Large Mammals in the Alexander Archipelago, Southeastern Alaska

1996 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Heaton ◽  
Sandra L. Talbot ◽  
Gerald F. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Black Bears ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alexander Archipelago

Genetic and paleontological evidence are combining to provide a new and surprising picture of mammalian biogeography in southeastern Alaska. Prior to our study, the brown and black bears of the Alexander Archipelago were considered postglacial immigrants that never had overlapping ranges. Vertebrate fossils from caves on Prince of Wales Island now demonstrate that brown and black bears coexisted there (and even inhabited the same caves) both before and after the last glaciation. Differences in mtDNA sequences suggest that living brown bears of the Alexander Archipelago comprise a distinct clade and are more closely related to polar bears than to their mainland conspecifics. We conclude that brown bears, and perhaps other large mammals, have continuously inhabited the archipelago for at least 40,000 yr and that habitable refugia were therefore available throughout the last glaciation.

Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Klinka ◽  
T E Reimchen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Nocturnal Foraging ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Brown bears (Ursus arctos) have been reported to be primarily diurnal throughout their range in North America. Recent studies of black bears during salmon migration indicate high levels of nocturnal foraging with high capture efficiencies during darkness. We investigated the extent of nocturnal foraging by brown bears during a salmon spawning migration at Knight Inlet in coastal British Columbia, using night-vision goggles. Adult brown bears were observed foraging equally during daylight and darkness, while adult females with cubs, as well as subadults, were most prevalent during daylight and twilight but uncommon during darkness. We observed a marginal trend of increased capture efficiency with reduced light levels (day, 20%; night, 36%) that was probably due to the reduced evasive behaviour of the salmon. Capture rates averaged 3.9 fish/h and differed among photic regimes (daylight, 2.1 fish/h; twilight, 4.3 fish/h; darkness, 8.3 fish/h). These results indicate that brown bears are highly successful during nocturnal foraging and exploit this period during spawning migration to maximize their consumption rates of an ephemeral resource.

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