scholarly journals Involuntary Markers of Saliency and Surprise Revealed by Oculomotor Inhibition in Response to Auditory Sequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Kadosh ◽  
Yoram Bonneh
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Fixation Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Stimulus Saliency ◽  
Pitch Difference ◽  
Saccadic Inhibition ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Our eyes move constantly but are often inhibited momentarily in response to external stimuli. The properties of this Oculomotor-Inhibition (OMI) depend on the stimulus saliency, anticipation, and attention. Previous studies have shown prolonged saccadic inhibition for auditory oddballs; however, they required active counting of the oddballs. Here we investigated whether the OMI response to auditory deviants can provide a quantitative measure of deviance strength (auditory pitch difference) and investigated its dependence on the Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI), without requesting a voluntary attention to the deviant stimulus. Observers fixated on a central fixation stimulus and passively listened to repeated short sequences of pure tones that contained a deviant tone either regularly or with 20% probability (the Oddball paradigm). The results showed, as in previous studies, prolonged microsaccade inhibition following the deviant tone. Moreover, the inhibition onset latency was shorter in proportion to the pitch deviance (the saliency effect) and the release was significantly longer for rare deviants (the surprise effect) as long as the ISI was short (<2.5s). Taken together, these results suggest that OMI provides involuntary markers of saliency and surprise, which can be obtained without the observer’s response.

scholarly journals Somatosensory perception–action binding in Tourette syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Friedrich ◽  
Henriette Spaleck ◽  
Ronja Schappert ◽  
Maximilian Kleimaker ◽  
Julius Verrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Cognitive Framework ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Saliency ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Perception Action

AbstractIt is a common phenomenon that somatosensory sensations can trigger actions to alleviate experienced tension. Such “urges” are particularly relevant in patients with Gilles de la Tourette (GTS) syndrome since they often precede tics, the cardinal feature of this common neurodevelopmental disorder. Altered sensorimotor integration processes in GTS as well as evidence for increased binding of stimulus- and response-related features (“hyper-binding”) in the visual domain suggest enhanced perception–action binding also in the somatosensory modality. In the current study, the Theory of Event Coding (TEC) was used as an overarching cognitive framework to examine somatosensory-motor binding. For this purpose, a somatosensory-motor version of a task measuring stimulus–response binding (S-R task) was tested using electro-tactile stimuli. Contrary to the main hypothesis, there were no group differences in binding effects between GTS patients and healthy controls in the somatosensory-motor paradigm. Behavioral data did not indicate differences in binding between examined groups. These data can be interpreted such that a compensatory “downregulation” of increased somatosensory stimulus saliency, e.g., due to the occurrence of somatosensory urges and hypersensitivity to external stimuli, results in reduced binding with associated motor output, which brings binding to a “normal” level. Therefore, “hyper-binding” in GTS seems to be modality-specific.

Odd Sound Processing in the Sleeping Brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perrine Ruby ◽  
Anne Caclin ◽  
Sabrina Boulet ◽  
Claude Delpuech ◽  
Dominique Morlet
Keyword(s):  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
First Time

How does the sleeping brain process external stimuli, and in particular, up to which extent does the sleeping brain detect and process modifications in its sensory environment? In order to address this issue, we investigated brain reactivity to simple auditory stimulations during sleep in young healthy subjects. Electroencephalogram signal was acquired continuously during a whole night of sleep while a classical oddball paradigm with duration deviance was applied. In all sleep stages, except Sleep Stage 4, a mismatch negativity (MMN) was unquestionably found in response to deviant tones, revealing for the first time preserved sensory memory processing during almost the whole night. Surprisingly, during Sleep Stage 2 and paradoxical sleep, both P3a-like and P3b-like components were identified after the MMN, whereas a P3a alone followed the MMN in wakefulness and in Sleep Stage 1. This totally new result suggests elaborated processing of external stimulation during sleep. We propose that the P3b-like response could be associated to an active processing of the deviant tone in the dream's consciousness.

scholarly journals Increment and decrement tone frequency effects in English-speaking adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alycia Erin Cummings ◽  
Amebu Seddoh
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Standard Tone ◽  
Stimulus Set ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Pure Tones

Mismatch negativity (MMN) has been shown to vary in amplitude and latency depending on deviance magnitude. However, how tone deviance direction affects its generation is poorly understood due to paucity of data. The present study sought to determine whether increment and decrement frequencies with deviance magnitudes of 20, 40, and 50 Hz yield differential MMN responses. English-speaking adults were presented two sets of standard and deviant pure tones in a passive event-related potential (ERP) oddball paradigm. Both stimulus sets had the same standard tone of 200 Hz. Each standard tone was accompanied by a set of either increment or decrement deviant tones. The increment tones were 220, 240, and 250 Hz, and the decrement tones were 180, 160, and 150 Hz. Thus, regardless of direction, deviance magnitudes were kept the same at 20 Hz, 40 Hz, and 50 Hz across each stimulus set. Results showed that ERP amplitudes varied according to deviance direction. Decrement stimuli of 160 Hz and 150 Hz elicited larger MMN responses than their corresponding increment stimuli (240 Hz and 150 Hz). These outcomes are consistent with data that indicate that the perception of low and high pitch is mediated by differential discrimination thresholds.

scholarly journals RL mechanisms of short-term plasticity of auditory cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Krugliakova ◽  
Alexey Gorin ◽  
Anna Shestakova ◽  
Tommaso Fedele ◽  
Vasily Klucharev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay ◽  
External Stimuli

AbstractThe decision-making process is exposed to modulatory factors, and, according to the expected value (EV) concept the two most influential factors are magnitude of prospective behavioural outcome and probability of receiving this outcome. The discrepancy between received and predicted outcomes is reflected by the reward prediction error (RPE), which is believed to play a crucial role in learning in dynamic environment. Feedback related negativity (FRN), a frontocentral negative component registered in EEG during feedback presentation, has been suggested as a neural signature of RPE. In modern neurobiological models of decision-making the primary sensory input is assumed to be constant over the time and independent of the evaluation of the option associated to it. In this study we investigated whether the electrophysiological changes in auditory cues perception is modulated by the strengths of reinforcement signal, represented in the EEG as FRN.We quantified the changes in sensory processing through a classical passive oddball paradigm before and after performance a neuroeconomic monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Outcome magnitude and probability were encoded in the physical characteristics of auditory incentive cues. We evaluated the association between individual biomarkers of reinforcement signal (FRN) and the degree of perceptual learning, reflected by changes in auditory ERP components (mismatch negativity and P3a). We observed a significant correlation of MMN and valence - dFRN, reflecting differential processing of gains and omission of gains. Changes in P3a were correlated to probability - dFRN, including information on salience of the outcome, in addition to its valence.MID task performance evokes plastic changes associated with more fine-grained discrimination of auditory anticipatory cues and enhanced involuntary attention switch towards these cues. Observed signatures of neuro-plasticity of the auditory cortex may play an important role in learning and decision-making processes through facilitation of perceptual discrimination of valuable external stimuli. Thus, the sensory processing of options and the evaluation of options are not independent as implicitly assumed by the modern neuroeconomics models of decision-making.

A strategy for rapid analysis of the variations in the reduced distribution function of liquid metals and metallic glasses

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Sequential Data ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Arbitrary Initial State ◽  
Pdf Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
External Stimuli

Pulsed neutron sources and third-generation synchrotron sources provide sufficiently high flux to acquire high wave momentum diffraction patterns suitable for pair distribution function (PDF) analysis in a matter of minutes to seconds, and even less. This allows for sequential data acquisition of a sample subjected to thermal, mechanical and even magnetic forces. Understanding the dynamics of the material's response to external stimuli will require new ways of analyzing the massive amounts of data collected during these time-resolved studies. The change in the PDF can be quickly evaluated using only the change in the measured intensities from an arbitrary initial state. With appropriate scaling factor, these can provide a quantitative measure of how the pairwise correlations change with external stimuli.

scholarly journals Effect of deviance direction on generation of mismatch negativity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alycia Erin Cummings ◽  
Amebu Seddoh
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Pure Tones

Several studies have shown that Mismatch negativity (MMN) varies in amplitude and latency depending on deviance magnitude. By contrast, the effect of deviance direction is poorly understood due to paucity of data on this aspect of MMN generation. The present study sought to determine whether increment and decrement frequencies of 100 Hz and 200 Hz yield differential MMN responses. English-speaking adults were presented two sets of standard and deviant pure tones in a passive event-related potential (ERP) oddball paradigm. Opposing stimulus sets presented 850 Hz and 1050 Hz tones as standards in one set and deviants in the other. A third tone, 950 Hz, served as a deviant in both stimulus sets. ERP amplitudes and latencies elicited by deviance direction (increment vs. decrement) and magnitude (100 Hz vs. 200 Hz) were examined across the two stimulus sets. Results showed that ERP amplitudes and latencies varied according to deviance magnitude, but not deviance direction. The absence of an effect of deviance direction was attributed to the high frequencies of the stimuli used. However, given the paucity of data, this possibility needs to be considered as a speculation that warrants validation in future research.

scholarly journals Increased context adjustment is associated with auditory sensitivities but not with autistic traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshini Randeniya ◽  
Jason B Mattingley ◽  
Marta Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Sensory Sensitivities ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Auditory Oddball Paradigm

Bayesian models of autism suggest that disruptions in context-sensitive prediction error weighting may underpin sensory perceptual alterations, such as hypersensitivities. We used an auditory oddball paradigm with pure tones arising from high or low uncertainity contexts to determine whether autistic individuals display differences in context adjustment relative to neurotypicals. We did not find group differences in early prediction error responses indexed by mismatch negativity. However, the autism group had larger evoked responses to outliers, at 300ms latency suggesting a greater reorienting of attention to surprising sounds. A dimensional approach revealed a positive correlation between context-dependent prediction errors and auditory sensitivities, but not with autistic traits. These findings suggest that autism studies may benefit from accounting for sensory sensitivities in group comparisons.

Saccadic Inhibition in Voluntary and Reflexive Saccades

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal M. Reingold ◽  
Dave M. Stampe
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Target Onset ◽  
Fixation Stimulus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Times ◽  
Saccadic Inhibition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Reflexive Saccades

The present study investigated saccadic inhibition in both voluntary and stimulus-elicited saccades. Two experiments examined saccadic inhibition caused by an irrelevant flash occurring subsequent to target onset. In each trial, participants were required to perform a single saccade following the presentation of a black target on a gray background, 4° to the left or to the right of screen center. In some trials (flash trials), after a variable delay, a 33-msec flash was displayed at the top and bottom third of the monitor (these regions turned white). In all experimental conditions, histograms of flash-to-saccade latencies documented a decrease in saccadic frequency, forming a dip, time-locked to the flash and occurring as early as 60—70 msec following its onset. The fast latency of this effect strongly suggests a low-level, reflex-like, oculomotor effect, which was referred to as saccadic inhibition. A novel procedure was developed to allow comparisons of saccadic inhibition even across conditions, which in the absence of a flash (no-flash trials) produce dissimilar saccadic reaction times (SRTs) distributions. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the fixation stimulus on saccadic inhibition by contrasting three conditions: a gap condition (fixation stimulus disappeared 200 msec prior to target onset), a step condition (offset of the fixation stimulus was simultaneous with target onset), and an overlap condition (the fixation stimulus remained on for the duration of the trial). The overlap condition produced substantially stronger saccadic inhibition, relative to the gap and the step conditions. Experiment 2 contrasted the saccadic inhibition effect obtained for prosaccades (saccades aimed at the target) with the effect obtained for antisaccades (i.e., saccades aimed away from the same target). The onset of saccadic inhibition was earlier, and its magnitude was stronger, for antisaccades, relative to prosaccades. The plausibility that the superior colliculus is the neurophysiological locus of the saccadic inhibition effect was explored.

scholarly journals Specifity of complex sensory-motor reaction to relevant stimuli in personalized virtual reality in young people

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
M. S Segreeva ◽  
E. S Korovina ◽  
N. P Romanchuk ◽  
A. S Alexseeva ◽  
A. V Zakharov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Motor Reaction ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sensory Motor

Objectives - to evaluate the latent period of complex sensory-motor reaction ^SMR) to relevant visual stimuli in virtual reality (VR) with personalized and indifferent content. Material and methods. The study included 10 healthy right-handed males aged 18-19. The selection of subjects in groups was based on two VR scenarios, the content of which reflected (personalized VR) or did not reflect their personal experience (indifferent VR). The latent period of CSMR to relevant visual stimuli was registered using a gamepad and an EEG recording system (BP-010302 BrainAmp Standart 128) in the oddball paradigm. VR scenarios were demonstrated using Oculus Rift CV1 headset. Registration of СSMR in personalized and indifferent VRs was done in three sessions with the interval of 24 hours. Each session lasted 7-8 minutes and included 30-40 CSMR registrations. Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) was used for subjective evaluation of VR immersiveness. The collected data was processed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. Results. Statistically significant correlations were registered only in VR with personalized content, between the latent time of CSMR and indexes of spatial presence (0.694522) and a general effect of VR immersiveness (-0.592243). It was noted that latent period of CSMR to relevant visual stimuli in VR is determined by the semantic content: the time of CSMR to relevant stimuli in personalized VR was significantly less, than to those in indifferent VR. Conclusion. We support the adequacy of the methodology of studying the mechanisms of human voluntary attention with inclusion of personalized scenes in VR content. It is suggested that such methodology is promising for neurorehabilitation of patients with age-related cognitive impairment

Hearing in Mice via GSR Audiometry

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles I. Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Sensitivity Curve ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Eighth Nerve ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Frequency Intensity ◽  
Near Threshold

Hearing in mice has been difficult to measure behaviorally. With GSR as the basic tool, the sensitivity curve to pure tones in mice has been successfully outlined. The most sensitive frequency-intensity combination was 15 000 cps at 0-5 dB re: 0.0002 dyne/cm 2 , with responses noted from 1 000 to beyond 70 000 cps. Some problems of reliability of conditioning were encountered, as well as findings concerning the inverse relationship between the size of GSR to unattenuated tones and the sound pressure necessary to elicit conditioned responses at or near threshold. These data agree well with the sensitivity of single units of the eighth nerve of the mouse.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document