Coxsackievirus B4: a Undervalued Pathogen that Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak

Abstract Objectives: This study was conducted to discover the causes of Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) -induced hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks and its evolutionary characteristics.Methods: In this study, we sequenced isolates obtained during the outbreak for comparative analyses with previously sequenced strains. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary dynamics were performed to illustrate the genetic characteristics of CVB4 in China and worldwide.Results: The nucleotide sequence of CVB4 isolated during the outbreak in 2011 was more similar to that of CVB4 isolated in Shandong Province, China in 2010 (95.7–99.4%) than to other CVB4 isolated in China (90.9–98.8%). A phylogenetic analysis showed that CVB4 originated from a common ancestor in Shandong. CVB4 strains isolated worldwide could be classified into genotypes A–E according to the VP1 region. All CVB4 strains in China belonged to genotype E. The global population diversity of CVB4 fluctuated substantially over time, and CVB4 isolated from China accounted for a significant increase in diversity of CVB4. The average nucleotide substitution rate in VP1 of Chinese CVB4 (5.20 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year) was slightly higher than that of global CVB4 (4.82 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year). Conclusions: These findings explain both the 2011 outbreak and a global increase in CVB4 diversity. In addition to improving our understanding of a major outbreak, these findings provide a basis for the development of surveillance strategies.

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Phylogenetic analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus type O circulating in the Andean region of South America during 2002–2008

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.021 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 152 (1-2) ◽

pp. 74-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Viviana Malirat ◽

Ingrid Evelyn Bergmann ◽

Renata de Mendonça Campos ◽

Gustavo Salgado ◽

Camilo Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

South America ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Virus Type ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Andean Region ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Disease Virus Type

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Phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O re-emerging in free areas of South America

Virus Research ◽

10.1016/j.virusres.2006.09.006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 124 (1-2) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Viviana Malirat ◽

José Júnior França de Barros ◽

Ingrid Evelyn Bergmann ◽

Renata de Mendonça Campos ◽

Erika Neitzert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

South America ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Virus Type ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Disease Virus Type

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Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural 3A and 3B protein-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype A Iran 05

Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.4142/jvs.2010.11.3.243 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

Saber Jelokhani-Niaraki ◽

Majid Esmaelizad ◽

Morteza Daliri ◽

Rasoul Vaez-Torshizi ◽

Morteza Kamalzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Coding Regions ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Subtype A ◽

Virus Subtype

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Description of the pathology of a gazelle that died during a major outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Israel : clinical communication

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v81i1.99 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Berkowitz ◽

T. Waner ◽

R. King ◽

H. Yadin ◽

S. Perl

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Necrosis ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Incidental Finding ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Clinical Communication ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Major Outbreak ◽

Cardiac Necrosis

Naturally occurring foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in wildlife is a relatively mild condition but occasionally it can be devastating as has been documented in impala in South Africa and in mountain gazelles in Israel. This report describes pathological changes in an adult male gazelle with FMD from an outbreak in the Nature Reserve of Ramot-Issachar region and the lower Galilee in Israel. The outbreak was characterised by the malignant form of the disease, which is uncommon among domestic animals. Lesions observed included, ulceration in the oral cavity, oesophagus and ruminal pillars, coronitis, multifocal cardiac necrosis and pancreatic necrosis and inflammation. Pneumonia, caused by Muellerius capillaries was an incidental finding.

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Whole-Genome Analysis of Coxsackievirus B3 Reflects Its Genetic Diversity in China and Worldwide

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1038176/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qian Yang ◽

Dongmei Yan ◽

Yang Song ◽

Shuangli Zhu ◽

Yun He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus B3 ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Nucleotide Substitution Rate ◽

Whole Genome Analysis ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Heavy Burden ◽

Group D

Abstract Background Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) has emerged as an active pathogen in myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and pancreatitis, and is a heavy burden on public health. However, CVB3 has not been systematically analyzed with regard to whole-genome diversity and recombination. Therefore, this study was undertaken to systematically examine the genetic characteristics of CVB3 based on its whole genome. Methods We combined CVB3 isolates from our national HFMD surveillance and global sequences retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to examine the whole genome variety and recombination forms of CVB3 in China and worldwide. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed that CVB3 strains isolated worldwide could be classified into groups A–E based on the sequence of the entire VP1 region. The predominant CVB3 strains in China belonged to group D, whereas group E CVB3 might be circulated globally compared to other groups. The average nucleotide substitution rate in the P1 region of CVB3 was 4.82 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year. Myocarditis was more common with group A. Groups C and D presented more cases of acute flaccid paralysis, and group D may be more likely to cause HFMD. Multiple recombination events were detected among CVB3 variants, and there were twenty-three recombinant lineages of CVB3 circulating worldwide. Conclusions Overall, this study provides full-length genomic sequences of CVB3 isolates with a wide geographic distribution over a long-term time scale in China, which will be helpful for understanding the evolution of this pathogen. Simultaneously, continuous surveillance of CVB3 is indispensable to determine its genetic diversity in China as well as worldwide.

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Clinical features and phylogenetic analysis of severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by Coxsackievirus A6

Infection Genetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

pp. 104054 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiaohan Yang ◽

Yuanyuan Li ◽

Changbin Zhang ◽

Wenli Zhan ◽

Jia Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A6 ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Clinical Manifestations of Coxsackievirus A6 Infection Associated with a Major Outbreak of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Japan

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.7883/yoken.66.260 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 260-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Masaaki Kobayashi ◽

Tomohiko Makino ◽

Nozomu Hanaoka ◽

Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽

Miki Enomoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A6 ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Major Outbreak

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Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of foot and mouth disease virus type ‘O’ and evaluation of its carrier state in cattle of Assam by Real time PCR

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3670 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sangeeta Baro ◽

Krishna Sharma ◽

Biswajyoti Sharma ◽

Shantanu Tamuly ◽

P. Deka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Real Time ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Sandwich Elisa ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Carrier State ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

The molecular epidemiological study of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been carried out from different outbreaks in Assam the present study is based on the nucleotide sequencingof circulating FMDV serotype. The samples were subjected to sandwich ELISA, multiplex-PCR and molecular phylogeny to identify the type species. The phylogenetic analysis of virus sequence revealed similarity with theBangladesh isolates in the major branching pattern. The serotype ‘O’has found to be dominant and responsible for most of the recentoutbreaks.Thepersistence of serotype ‘O’ and cytokines expression of IL-1á, IL-1â, IFN-á, TNF-á in blood of recovered animals were done by Real time PCR. The findings indicated that IL-1á, IFN-á and TNF-á genes were up-regulated upto 3 months post infection but IL-1â found to be down regulated with progression of recovery. The present study thus supports that real-time PCR is a powerful technique for reliable detection of persistent FMDV in recovered animals.

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