The reality of the Noncommunicable disease policy landscape in Low Income Countries: the example of Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khatia Rebeca Munguambe ◽  
Tavares Madede ◽  
Vasco Muchanga ◽  
Claire Somerville ◽  
David Henri Beran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Government Documents

Abstract Background Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with a disproportionate burden affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Mozambique, is a low income country situated in Southern Africa with an emerging burden of NCDs, but still facing a large challenge with regards to communicable diseases. Using the policy prioritisation framework developed by Shiffman and Smith this study aims to present the different elements that have shaped the current policy landscape for NCDs in Mozambique.Results The policy review identified 18 documents, and seven KIs were interviewed. The policy community could be seen as cohesive in that a few leading experts in Mozambique agreed on both the challenges of NCDs and the possible response, but overall leadership was lacking. Although the Ministry of Health and its NCD Department were seen as the guiding institutions the Department was not resourced to be able to fulfil its mandate. Some external resources were available to assist, but these were insufficient. In addition civil society mobilisation was missing. With regards to ideas three disconnects were present: language used in overarching government documents and their translation into practice; the views of experts; and the perceptions of NCDs in a context like Mozambique in contrast to other health issues. The NCD Department and different strategies and government documents laid out the governing structure, but again a lack of resources hampered progress. This was compounded by a lack of understanding of the problem and solutions, as well as barriers to integrate the NCD response with HIV/AIDS for example. Conclusions This study shows that despite gaining prominence on the global health agenda, NCDs have yet to truly gain a strong foothold on the policy agenda of LMICs such as Mozambique. In order to do this both governments and donors need to be sensitised to this issue as well as clear guidance developed to enable countries to have practical solutions to address both prevention and treatment of NCDs in underfunded and weak health systems, but also be able to build on existing initiatives to improve the health and well-being of populations.

scholarly journals Impact of refugee population on development: A comparative analysis for the case of host economies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Mohamed Kouni
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between refugees and development in host economies from a macroeconomic point of view. The results obtained show that this relationship is non-linear. The empirical results demonstrate that refugees have a positive and significant direct effect in high and lower-middle-income countries. A positive and significant indirect effect of refugees through labor force and RD channels is also present in the same groups. In upper-middle-income and low-income countries, the direct effect of refugees is negative and significant. Similarly, the indirect effect of the refugee population on development through labor force channel is also negative and statistically significant. However, the indirect effect of refugees through RD channel is statistically significant only for the low-income country group.

Noncommunicable Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 287-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramla Benmaamar ◽  
Madeleine Smith ◽  
Derek Yach
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Global Norms ◽  
And Control

Social justice impacts on the occurrence, the severity, and the mortality due to noncommunicable diseases. Four noncommunicable diseases account for almost two-thirds of all deaths globally: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus. Almost 80% of deaths due to noncommunicable diseases occur in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter addresses the occurrence of these four noncommunicable diseases and how social injustice impacts on their occurrence. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including implementing policies that reach the poorest people in all countries, placing greater emphasis on prevention and health promotion, strengthening capacity and mobilizing resources, developing global norms that benefit low-income countries (such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control), promoting broader societal changes, and building on the prevention and control of infectious disease.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

scholarly journals Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Emerging and Challenging Epidemic

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arafat Tfayli ◽  
Sally Temraz ◽  
Rachel Abou Mrad ◽  
Ali Shamseddine
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Breast cancer is a major health care problem that affects more than one million women yearly. While it is traditionally thought of as a disease of the industrialized world, around 45% of breast cancer cases and 55% of breast cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Managing breast cancer in low income countries poses a different set of challenges including access to screening, stage at presentation, adequacy of management and availability of therapeutic interventions. In this paper, we will review the challenges faced in the management of breast cancer in low and middle income countries.

scholarly journals Pediatric neurosurgical workforce, access to care, equipment and training needs worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Ronnie E. Baticulon ◽  
Abbas Rattani ◽  
James M. Johnston ◽  
Benjamin C. Warf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
And Training

OBJECTIVEThe presence and capability of existing pediatric neurosurgical care worldwide is unknown. The objective of this study was to solicit the expertise of specialists to quantify the geographic representation of pediatric neurosurgeons, access to specialist care, and equipment and training needs globally.METHODSA mixed-question survey was sent to surgeon members of several international neurosurgical and general pediatric surgical societies via a web-based platform. Respondents answered questions on 5 categories: surgeon demographics and training, hospital and practice details, surgical workforce and access to neurosurgical care, training and equipment needs, and desire for international collaboration. Responses were anonymized and analyzed using Stata software.RESULTSA total of 459 surgeons from 76 countries responded. Pediatric neurosurgeons in high-income and upper-middle-income countries underwent formal pediatric training at a greater rate than surgeons in low- and lower-middle-income countries (89.5% vs 54.4%). There are an estimated 2297 pediatric neurosurgeons in practice globally, with 85.6% operating in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, roughly 330 pediatric neurosurgeons care for a total child population of 1.2 billion. In low-income countries in Africa, the density of pediatric neurosurgeons is roughly 1 per 30 million children. A higher proportion of patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries must travel > 2 hours to seek emergency neurosurgical care, relative to high-income countries (75.6% vs 33.6%, p < 0.001). Vast basic and essential training and equipment needs exist, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries within Africa, South America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Eighty-nine percent of respondents demonstrated an interest in international collaboration for the purposes of pediatric neurosurgical capacity building.CONCLUSIONSWide disparity in the access to pediatric neurosurgical care exists globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, wherein there exists the greatest burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease, there is a grossly insufficient presence of capable providers and equipped facilities. Neurosurgeons across income groups and geographic regions share a desire for collaboration and partnership.

IPRs and Innovation, Technology Transfer, and Economic Welfare

2020 ◽  
pp. 1536-1568
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Gil ◽  
Luis Angel Madrid ◽  
Carlos Hernán Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissemination Of Technology

The TRIPS agreement states that Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protection should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation, economic welfare, and to the transfer and dissemination of technology. However, there is still no consensus on whether IPRs protection has achieved its goal. Thus, the chapter provides a discussion on how the impact of IPRs on innovation, technology transfer, and economic welfare is affected by the difference in the income level of the countries. The results suggest that in high-income and upper middle-income countries, IPRs have a positive impact in these variables. Nevertheless, it seems that in lower middle-income and low-income countries, IPRs have not increased innovation, spurred transfer of technology. or created economic welfare.

Injury prevention and control

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-376
Author(s):  
Corinne Peek-Asa ◽  
Adnan A. Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
And Control

Injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability throughout the world and contribute disproportionately to premature life lost. Injury rates are highest among middle- and low-income countries. According to analyses of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, injuries cause over 4.6 million deaths per year, accounting for nearly 8.4% of all deaths and 10.7% of disability-adjusted life years. Many opportunities to implement injury prevention strategies exist, and a systematic approach to injury prevention can help identify the most effective and efficient approaches. Building capacity for injury prevention activities in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health priority.

Interplays Between Methane Emission and Agricultural Output

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das ◽  
Arundhati Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Methane Generation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

There have been debates among the so-called developed economies and less developed and emerging economies on the issue of ‘who is responsible for' the emission of excessive greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the ambient environment. While methane emissions from agriculture and livestock is one of the important elements of GHGs, it is also required for growth of the agriculture and allied activities for all economic categories. The present study, under this backdrop, examines long run and short run linkages between methane emissions and agriculture outputs for high and low to upper middle-income countries for the period 1981-2012. The results show that the series of methane emissions and agriculture output are cointegrated in the 15 member Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) group, low income and middle income countries signifying the responsibilities of these income groups in methane emissions. The responsible countries in the OECD are USA, UK, Japan, Germany, and Italy. Further, in short run dynamics, the Granger Causality results show that methane emissions make a cause to agriculture output for 15OECD and low-income countries, and agricultural output is a cause to methane generation for middle and all low to upper middle income countries. China, India, and Brazil cannot be blamed for making excessive methane generation as both the series are not cointegrated for them.

Globalization and Environment: An Asian Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Granger Causality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries

This paper explores the causal association between globalization and carbon dioxide emanations in a panel set of 17 low- and low-middle-income countries and 12 upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia, respectively. The time series of observations run from 1974 to 2014. The Westerlund (2007) panel cointegration test reveals that there exists a long-run cointegrating relationship in both the panel set of observations between globalization and CO2 emissions. For the panel of upper-middle and high-income countries of Asia the long-run panel (heterogeneous elasticities) shows that globalization does not cause environmental damage, contrary to the observation based on lower- and lower-middle-income countries. The study is in conformity with the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. The Granger causality between the variables is explored by utilizing the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) Granger Causality tests. The empirical observation shows that globalization-led environmental causality is valid for lower- and lower-middle-income countries of Asia. So proper sustainable green and clean technology must be adopted for the low-income countries to stop the negation of the growth process in the near future.

scholarly journals Orthopaedic research in low-income countries: A bibliometric analysis of the current literature

SICOT-J ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Simon Matthew Graham ◽  
Ciaran Brennan ◽  
Maritz Laubscher ◽  
Sithombo Maqungo ◽  
David G. Lalloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Orthopaedic Research ◽  
Level I

Background: To perform a bibliometric analysis and quantify the amount of orthopaedic and trauma literature published from low-income countries (LICs). Methods and methods: The Web of Science database was utilised to identify all indexed orthopaedic journals. All articles published in the 76 orthopaedics journals over the last 10 years were reviewed, to determine their geographic origin. Results: A total of 131 454 articles were published across 76 orthopaedic journals over the last 10 years. Of these, 132 (0.1%) were published from LICs and 3515 (2.7%) were published from lower middle-income countries (LMICs); 85.7% (n = 112 716) of published orthopaedic research was undertaken in a high-income setting. The majority of the studies (n = 90, 74.4%) presented level IV evidence. Only 7.4% (n = 9) were high-quality evidence (level I or II). Additionally, the majority of research (74 articles, 56%) was published in partnership with high-income countries (HICs). Conclusions: There is a stark mismatch between the publication of scientific reports on orthopaedic research and the geographical areas of greatest clinical need. We believe there is an urgent need for orthopaedic research to be carried out in low-income settings to guide treatment and improve outcomes, rather than assuming that evidence from high-income settings will translate into this environment. Level of evidence: IV

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