scholarly journals Global Trends in the Innovation and Diffusion of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict Probst ◽  
Simon Touboul ◽  
Matthieu Glachant ◽  
Antoine Dechezleprêtre
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Innovation And Diffusion ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Increasing the development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies on a global scale is critical to mitigating climate change. Based on over two million patents from 1995 to 2017 from 106 countries in all major climate mitigation technologies, our analysis shows an annual average low-carbon patenting growth rate of 10 percent from 1995 to 2013. Yet, from 2013 to 2017 low-carbon patenting rates have fallen by around 6 percent annually, likely driven by declining fossil fuel prices and, possibly, a readjustment of investors’ expectations and a stagnation of public funding for green R&D after the financial crisis. The Paris Agreement does not appear to have reversed the negative trend in low-carbon patenting observed since 2013. Innovation is still highly concentrated, with Germany, Japan, and the US accounting for more than half of global inventions, and the top 10 countries for around 90%. This concentration has further intensified over the last decade. Except for China, emerging economies have not caught up and remain less specialised in low-carbon technologies than the world average. This underscores the need for more technology transfers to developing and emerging economies, where most of the future CO2-emissions increases are set to occur. Existing transfer mechanisms, such as the UN Technology Transfer Mechanism and the Clean Development Mechanism, appear insufficient given the slow progress of technology transfer.

Low Carbon Technologies for Our Cities of Future: Examining Mechanisms for Successful Transfer and Diffusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrika Mehta ◽  
Uday Shankar ◽  
Tapas K. Bandopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies ◽  
Low Carbon Energy ◽  
And Diffusion

The urge to adopt the proceedings at the recently concluded COP-21 with a binding legal status is indicative of the fact that nations now realise the seriousness of the issue, alike. The international community is just paving way for a low carbon, energy efficient planet. Rapid urbanisation has led to overpopulated cities that demand better quality of life for its residents. On the one hand, there is a global urge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and on the other hand, the world is moving towards a ‘smart’ future. Both these suppositions are interspersed by a common goal of sustainable development. Alternately, the discussion tends to focus on use of clean energy technologies. Cities will be at the centre of this unique and unprecedented challenge. This research seeks to explore the role that city governance plays in climate mitigation and adaptation at the global level. Furthermore, the article examines and evaluates low carbon technology as a choice to be inculcated in encountering climate change hazards and essentially looks into the modus operandi of the transfer and diffusion of low carbon/clean energy technologies.

scholarly journals Beyond the Paris Agreement: Intellectual Property, Innovation Policy, and Climate Justice

Laws ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Clean Technologies ◽  
And Diffusion

The multidisciplinary field of climate law and justice needs to address the topic of intellectual property, climate finance, and technology transfer to ensure effective global action on climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 (UNFCCC) established a foundation for the development, application and diffusion of low-carbon technologies. Against this background, it is useful to analyse how the Paris Agreement 2015 deals with the subject of intellectual property, technology transfer, and climate change. While there was discussion of a number of options for intellectual property and climate change, the final Paris Agreement 2015 contains no text on intellectual property. There is text, though, on technology transfer. The Paris Agreement 2015 relies upon technology networks and alliances in order to promote the diffusion and dissemination of green technologies. In order to achieve technology transfer, there has been an effort to rely on a number of formal technology networks, alliances, and public–private partnerships—including the UNFCCC Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN); the World Intellectual Property Organization’s WIPO GREEN; Mission Innovation; the Breakthrough Energy Coalition; and the International Solar Alliance. There have been grand hopes and ambitions in respect of these collaborative and co-operative ventures. However, there have also been significant challenges in terms of funding, support, and operation. In a case of innovation policy pluralism, there also seems to be a significant level of overlap and duplication between the diverse international initiatives. There have been concerns about whether such technology networks are effective, efficient, adaptable, and accountable. There is a need to better align intellectual property, innovation policy, and technology transfer in order to achieve access to clean energy and climate justice under the framework of the Paris Agreement 2015. At a conceptual level, philosophical discussions about climate justice should be grounded in pragmatic considerations about intellectual property and technology transfer. An intellectual property mechanism is necessary to provide for research, development, and deployment of clean technologies. There is a need to ensure that the technology mechanism of the Paris Agreement 2015 can enable the research, development, and diffusion of clean technologies at a scale to address the global challenges of climate change.

scholarly journals Energy-Related Carbon Emissions of China’s Model Environmental Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kevin Lo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Per Capita

This paper identifies three types of model environmental cities in China and examines their levels of energy-related carbon emissions using a bottom-up accounting system. Model environmental cities are identified as those that have been recently awarded official recognition from the central government for their efforts in environmental protection. The findings show that, on average, the Low-Carbon Cities have lower annual carbon emissions, carbon intensities, and per capita emissions than the Eco-Garden Cities and the Environmental Protection Cities. Compared internationally, the Eco-Garden Cities and the Environmental Protection Cities have per capita emissions that are similar to those of American cities whereas per capita emissions from the Low-Carbon Cities are similar to those of European cities. The result indicates that addressing climate change is not a priority for some model environmental cities. Policy changes are needed to prioritize climate mitigation in these cities, considering that climate change is a cross-cutting environmental issue with wide-ranging impact.

scholarly journals Analysis of the BRICS countries’ pathways towards a low-carbon environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-102
Author(s):  
Agyemang Sampene ◽  
Cai Li ◽  
Fredrick Agyeman ◽  
Robert Brenya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Nationally Determined Contributions ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies

Global climate change has emerged as humanity’s greatest challenge, affecting both the natural security of the earth and the long-term growth of human society. Protecting the environment and fostering long-term growth while reducing carbon emissions has become a global concern. The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) are participating in the fight against climate change through the promotion of low-carbon environment (LCE). In this study, we use content analysis to discuss some of the policies, plans, and programs outlined by the various governments in the BRICS that can help them implement an LCE. The study indicates that currently Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa are rated as “insufficient,” “critically insufficient,” “compatible,” “incompatible,” and “highly insufficient” respectively in their commitment to nationally determined contributions (NDC) to the Paris Agreement. The paper recommends that the BRICS countries achieve an LCE through expanding low-carbon investments and financing, focusing on taxation that goes beyond energy, investing in low-carbon cities, adapting to a circular economy and low-carbon technologies, expanding electricity markets, and promoting climate-friendly international trade among the BRICS countries.

Paris climate summit aims to avoid Copenhagen mistakes

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tar Sands ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies

Significance Climate policy will be of high international attention in the lead up to the UN's climate change summit in Paris in December (COP 21). The political and economic climate makes it more likely that a multinational deal can be reached than at the 2009 Copenhagen summit. While unseen difficulties could intercede, doubt now revolves around the nature of a deal, rather than whether a deal will be reached. Impacts Even weak national targets will result in more regulation for carbon-intensive businesses and more incentives for low-carbon technologies. A deal could have serious implications for high-cost, energy-intensive extractors in the tar sands and shale oil sectors. Coal-only companies will see little room for growth in developed countries. Shipping and aviation were left out of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol but will be included this time.

Co-movements of financial volatilities in a changing environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Martins
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Volatility Model

<p>Anthropogenic climate change has been attributed mainly to the excessive burning of fossil fuels and the release of carbon compounds. On average, 75% of the primary energy is still being produced by means of fossil fuels. In order to mitigate the global effects of climate change, a transition towards low-carbon economies is thus necessary. However, given current technology, this transition requires investments to shift away from high-carbon assets and so the effectiveness of changes in investment decisions depends highly on the expectations about policy change (e.g. regarding carbon pricing). The systemic implications of disruptive technological progress on the prices of carbon-intensive assets are thus compounded by the geopolitical nature of transition risk. If investors are pricing transition risk, this implies prices of high-carbon assets should all be responsive to climate-related policy news. For modelling the dynamics of volatility co-movements at the global scale, we propose an extension to the global volatility factor model of Engle and Martins (\textit{in preparation}). To allow for richer structures of the global volatility process, including dynamics, structural changes, outliers or time-varying parameters, we adapt the indicator saturation approach introduced by Hendry (1999) to the second moment and high-frequency data. In the model, climate change is interpreted as a source of structural change affecting the financial system. The new global volatility model is applied to the daily share prices of major Oil and Gas companies from different countries traded in the NYSE to avoid asynchronicity. As a proxy for climate change risk, we use the climate change news index of Engle et al. (2019). This index is a time series that captures news about long-run climate risk. In particular, we use the innovations in their negative (or bad) news index which is based on sentiment analysis.</p>

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