scholarly journals Underwater-treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting MMP-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwang Ying ◽  
Qingfeng Xie ◽  
Shengcun Li ◽  
Xiaolan Yu ◽  
Kecheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Structure Damage ◽  
Vascular Regeneration ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Spinal Cord Barrier

Abstract Background The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) can be seriously damaged after SCI and is considered to be a therapeutic target. Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and apoptosis of neurons. The failure of effective regeneration of new blood vessels is also an important reason for the difficulty of recovery after SCI. We introduced underwater-treadmill training (TT) for the first time, which can help SCI rats successfully exercise, and we explored the role of TT in promoting the ability to exercise after SCI and its possible mechanism. Methods SCI models were established and randomly divided into three groups. Rats underwent TT after SCI. The degree of neurological deficit, water content, BSCB permeability, protein expression and ultrastructure of vascular endothelial cells were assessed by the BBB motor rating scale, haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Evans blue (EB) staining, Western blot (WB) experiments, and immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Our experiments show that TT reduces the permeability of BSCB and decreased tissue structure damage and improved functional recovery after SCI; TT prevent the loss of TJ and AJ protein; TT promotes angiogenesis and inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after SCI. Conclusions In this study, the results indicate that TT promotes functional recovery partly for the following reasons: (1) TT protects residual BSCB structure from further damage; (2) it promotes vascular regeneration; and (3) it inhibits the expression of MMP-2/9 to mitigate BSCB damage.

scholarly journals Water treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in rats by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwang Ying ◽  
Qingfeng Xie ◽  
Shengcun Li ◽  
Xiaolan Yu ◽  
Kecheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Vascular Regeneration ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Apoptosis Protein ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Spinal Cord Barrier ◽  
Water Treadmill

Abstract Background The permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is mainly determined by junction complexes between adjacent endothelial cells (ECs), including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which can be severely damaged after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and neuronal apoptosis. The failure of new blood vessels to effectively regenerate is also an important cause of delayed recovery after SCI. For the first time, we introduced water treadmill training (TT) to help SCI rats successfully exercise and measured the effects of TT in promoting recovery after SCI and the possible mechanisms involved. Methods Sprague-Dawley (200–250 g) rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: sham operated, SCI, and SCI + TT. Animals were sacrificed at 7 or 14 days post-surgery. The degree of neurological deficit, tissue morphology and BSCB permeability were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scale and appropriate staining protocols, and apoptosis, protein expression and vascular EC ultrastructure were assessed by TUNEL staining, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Our experiments showed that TT reduced permeability of the BSCB and decreased structural tissue damage. TT significantly improved functional recovery when compared with that in the SCI group; TJ and AJ proteins expression increased significantly after TT, and training reduced apoptosis induced by SCI. TT could promote angiogenesis, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly inhibited by TT. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that TT promotes functional recovery for the following reasons: TT (1) protects residual BSCB structure from further damage, (2) promotes vascular regeneration, and (3) inhibits MMP-2/9 expression to mitigate BSCB damage.

scholarly journals Water treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in rats by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwang Ying ◽  
Qingfeng Xie ◽  
Shengcun Li ◽  
Xiaolan Yu ◽  
Kecheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Vascular Regeneration ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Apoptosis Protein ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Spinal Cord Barrier ◽  
Water Treadmill

Abstract Background: The permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is mainly determined by junction complexes between adjacent endothelial cells (ECs), including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which can be severely damaged after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and neuronal apoptosis. The failure of new blood vessels to effectively regenerate is also an important cause of delayed recovery after SCI. For the first time, we introduced water treadmill training (TT) to help SCI rats successfully exercise and measured the effects of TT in promoting recovery after SCI and the possible mechanisms involved.Methods: Sprague-Dawley (200–250g) rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: sham operated, SCI, and SCI + TT. Animals were sacrificed at 7 or 14 d post-surgery. The degree of neurological deficit, tissue morphology and BSCB permeability were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scale and appropriate staining protocols, and apoptosis, protein expression and vascular EC ultrastructure were assessed by TUNEL staining, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: Our experiments showed that TT reduced permeability of the BSCB and decreased structural tissue damage. TT significantly improved functional recovery when compared with that in the SCI group; TJ and AJ proteins expression increased significantly after TT, and training reduced apoptosis induced by SCI. TT could promote angiogenesis, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly inhibited by TT.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that TT promotes functional recovery for the following reasons: TT (1) protects residual BSCB structure from further damage, (2) promotes vascular regeneration, and (3) inhibits MMP-2/9 expression to mitigate BSCB damage.

scholarly journals Water treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting MMP-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwang Ying ◽  
Qingfeng Xie ◽  
Shengcun Li ◽  
Xiaolan Yu ◽  
Kecheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Vascular Regeneration ◽  
Apoptosis Protein ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Spinal Cord Barrier ◽  
Water Treadmill

Abstract Background: The permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is mainly determined by the junction complex of adjacent endothelial cells, including tight junction (TJ) and adhesion junction (AJ), which can be severely damaged after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and apoptosis of neurons. The failure of effective regeneration of new blood vessels is also an important reason for the difficulty of recovery after SCI. We introduced water treadmill training (TT) for the first time, which can help SCI rats successfully exercise, and we explored the role of TT in promoting the ability to exercise after SCI and its possible mechanism.Methods: Sprague-Dawley (200–250g) rats were randomly divided into three groups. SCI models were established and rats underwent TT after SCI. Animals were sacrificed 7 d or 14 d post-surgery. The degree of neurological deficit, water content, BSCB permeability, apoptosis, protein expression and ultrastructure of vascular endothelial cells (EC) were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor rating scale, haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Evans blue (EB) staining, TUNEL staining, Western blot (WB) experiments, and immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Our experiments show that TT reduces the permeability of BSCB and decreased tissue structure damage. TT improved functional recovery and it has significant significance when compared with the M group after SCI; TJ and AJ proteins increased significantly after TT training in SCI rats. TT training reduced apoptosis induced by SCI. TT can promote angiogenesis and the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly inhabited by TT after SCI.Conclusions: In this study, the results indicate that TT promotes functional recovery partly for the following reasons: (1) TT protects residual BSCB structure from further damage; (2) it promotes vascular regeneration; and (3) it inhibits the expression of MMP-2/9 to mitigate BSCB damage.

scholarly journals Water treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in rats by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwang Ying ◽  
Qingfeng Xie ◽  
Shengcun Li ◽  
Xiaolan Yu ◽  
Kecheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Apoptosis Protein ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Spinal Cord Barrier ◽  
Water Treadmill

Abstract Background: The permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is mainly determined by the junction complex between adjacent endothelial cells, including tight junctions (TJ) and adhesion junctions (AJ), which can be severely damaged after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and apoptosis of neurons. The failure of effective regeneration of new blood vessels is also an important reason for delayed recovery after SCI. We introduced water treadmill training (TT) for the first time, which can help SCI rats successfully exercise and measured the effect of TT in promoting recovery after SCI and possible mechanisms involved.Methods: Sprague-Dawley (200–250g) rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham operated, SCI, and SCI + TT. Animals were sacrificed 7 d or 14 d post-surgery. The degree of neurological deficit as assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan motor rating scale, tissue water content, BSCB permeability, apoptosis, protein expression and ultrastructure of vascular endothelial cells were assessed, Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Our experiments showed that TT reduced the permeability of BSCB and decreased tissue structural damage. TT improved functional recovery significantly when compared with the SCI group; TJ and AJ proteins expression increased significantly after TT training and training reduced apoptosis induced by SCI. TT can promote angiogenesis and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly inhibited by TT.Conclusions: In this study, the results indicate that TT promotes functional recovery for the following reasons: (1) TT protects residual BSCB structure from further damage; (2) it promotes vascular regeneration; and (3) it inhibits the expression of MMP-2/9 to mitigate BSCB damage.

scholarly journals Microglia-Derived Exosomes Improve Spinal Cord Functional Recovery after Injury via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Promoting the Survival and Function of Endothelia Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Liyang Wan ◽  
Zixiang Luo ◽  
Yong Xie ◽  
Yudong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vascular Regeneration ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
And Function

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease of the central nervous system with long-term disability and high mortality worldwide. Revascularization following SCI provides nutritional supports to rebuild and maintain the homeostasis of neuronal networks, and the subsequent promotion of angiogenesis is beneficial for functional recovery. Oxidative stress drastically produced following SCI has been contributed to endothelial dysfunction and the limited endogenous repair of microvasculature. Recently, exosomes, being regarded as potential therapeutic candidates for many kinds of diseases, have attracted great attentions due to its high bioavailability, safety, and stability. Microglia have been reported to exhibit proangiogenic function and guide the forming of vasculature during tissue repair. However, the specific role of microglia-derived exosomes (MG-Exos) played in SCI is still largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether MG-Exos could protect spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells (SCMECs) against the toxic effects of oxidative stress, thus promote SCMECs’ survival and function. We also investigated the protective effects of MG-Exos in the mouse model of SCI to verify their capability. Our results demonstrated that MG-Exo treatment significantly decreased the level of oxidative stress (ROS), as well as did the protein levels of NOX2 when bEnd.3 cells were exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Functional assays showed that MG-Exos could improve the survival and the ability of tube formation and migration in H2O2-induced bEnd.3 in vitro. Moreover, MG-Exos exhibited the positive effects on vascular regeneration and cell proliferation, as well as functional recovery, in the mouse model of SCI. Mechanically, the keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was also investigated in order to unveil its molecular mechanism, and the results showed that MG-Exos could increase the protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 via inhibiting the keap1; they also triggered the expression of its downstream antioxidative-related genes, such as NQo1, Gclc, Cat, and Gsx1. Our findings indicated that MG-Exos exerted an antioxidant effect and positively modulated vascular regeneration and neurological functional recovery post-SCI by activating keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

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