scholarly journals Ethical Process and Medical Consideration on the Viability Limit of the Extreme Premature in Northeast Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Arízaga-Ballesteros ◽  
Jesus Santos-Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Preterm Newborn ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ethical Knowledge ◽  
Culturally Influenced ◽  
Limits Of Viability ◽  
Scientific Advances

Abstract One of the big challenge of neonatologists is the decision on the viability and need of treatment of an extreme preterm newborn. Even with all the technological and scientific advances only preterm at 23 week of gestation are able to survive, but frequently with many complications. Neonatologist face an ethical dilemma and many of them put the decisions of initiate medical treatment as shared decisions between parents and practitioners. For many neonatologists in northeast of Mexico states the real viability limit is 26 gestational weeks. In this paper, we discuss the ethical principles involved in the decision of the limits of viability, the natural law paradigm, the deontology, the utilitarianism and the bioethics principles. The way this decision is constructed is not universal, because it is culturally influenced, and depends on experience, scientific and ethical knowledge. Many neonatologists do not know in deep the ethical principles needed to make these decisions and act more intuitively.

Lisa Sowle Cahill and the Search for a “Functionalist” Paradigm of Feminist Global Ethics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Massa
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
Global Ethics ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Real ◽  
Boston College ◽  
Moral Duties

This chapter presents an examination of the thoughts and writings of Lisa Sowle Cahill, a moral theologian at Boston College. Taking issue with both Germain Grisez and Jean Porter, Cahill seeks to construct a new paradigm of natural law that addresses feminist and poststructural scholars. Cahill believed that any paradigm of intercultural or interreligious ethics that purported to be describing moral duties in the real world must begin by exploring how ethical questions are intimately tied to the concrete experiences in specific (often religiously diverse) communities. Her paradigm addressed the concerns of feminist and postimperialist scholars in moving beyond the “false universalism” offered by paradigms like that of neo-scholasticism, while offering a “realist” understanding of social ethics that remained true to the realist impulses in Catholic moral theology.

scholarly journals An ethical dilemma in psychotherapy

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 466-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Holmes ◽  
Gwen Adshead ◽  
Jeanette Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Case History ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Principles Of Justice

This paper examines the ethical principles of justice and autonomy in psychotherapy. A case history is presented which illustrates how ethical dilemmas concerning the type of psychotherapy to be offered are powerfully influenced by often unconscious counter-transference feelings in the resource allocators. The question of how autonomous a psychotherapy patient can be, when unconscious motivations could be affecting rational choice, is also explored and possible answers provided.

scholarly journals Ethics of identity in the time of big data

First Monday ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Brusseau
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Real World ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Question ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Big Data Technology

Compartmentalizing our distinct personal identities is increasingly difficult in big data reality. Pictures of the person we were on past vacations resurface in employers’ Google searches; LinkedIn which exhibits our income level is increasingly used as a dating web site. Whether on vacation, at work, or seeking romance, our digital selves stream together. One result is that a perennial ethical question about personal identity has spilled out of philosophy departments and into the real world. Ought we possess one, unified identity that coherently integrates the various aspects of our lives, or, incarnate deeply distinct selves suited to different occasions and contexts? At bottom, are we one, or many? The question is not only palpable today, but also urgent because if a decision is not made by us, the forces of big data and surveillance capitalism will make it for us by compelling unity. Speaking in favor of the big data tendency, Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg promotes the ethics of an integrated identity, a single version of selfhood maintained across diverse contexts and human relationships. This essay goes in the other direction by sketching two ethical frameworks arranged to defend our compartmentalized identities, which amounts to promoting the dis-integration of our selves. One framework connects with natural law, the other with language, and both aim to create a sense of selfhood that breaks away from its own past, and from the unifying powers of big data technology.

The Risk, the Real, and the Impossibility of Life

2017 ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Maximiliano Emanuel Korstanje
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Liberal Thought

The discourse of the Matrix not only wakes up philosophy from the slumber they are, but reflects the rise of fears which are proper of a culture, that manipulates anxieties to fix policies otherwise would be rejected. Basically, Neo is subject to an ethical dilemma which means that we are free to make the decision to live in a fake without suffering or in “the real of the dessert” as Morpheus put it. At this extent, if technology is used to protect humankind, Matrix evinces under some circumstances, it can oppress human beings when they renounce to their “free-will”. This chapter not only explored the limitations of the society of risks within liberal thought but taking into consideration the role of authenticity serves ideologically to legitimate suffering. Indeed, accepting to live as Neo did, may lead to oppression or liberation.

Ethics of Incongruity: moral tension generators in clinical medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kontos
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Right Action ◽  
Patients Experience

Affectively uncomfortable concern, anxiety, indecisionand disputation over ‘right’ action are among the expressions of moral tension associated with ethical dilemmas. Moral tension is generated and experienced by people. While ethical principles, rules and situations must be worked through in any dilemma, each occurs against a backdrop of people who enact them and stand much to gain or lose depending on how they are applied and resolved. This paper attempts to develop a taxonomy of moral tension based on its intrapersonal and interpersonal sources and expressions. The proposed ‘ethics of incongruity’ (EoI) outlines ways in which values, actions and needs can find themselves mismatched in morally relevant ways between patients and their clinicians, their own psychologies and their societies. Patient–clinician incongruities may manifest as discord, value misalignment and deception. Patient–patient (ie, intrapersonal) incongruities may manifest as incapacity, akrasia and self-deception. Patient–society incongruities may manifest as disenfranchisement, disaffiliation and disregard. Brief explanations of the incongruities in this scheme are provided, as are suggestions on working within them. Using concepts from moral philosophy when applicable, these suggestions may either ease direct resolution of problems arising from the incongruities, or make sense of the moral tension that arises from the human context of the ethical dilemma at hand. This presentation of content and resolution methods for the EOI is no doubt incomplete. Hopefully, refinement of this preliminary proposal will follow, particularly from clinicians, as the ones who, along with their patients, experience medical ethics in directly tension-inducing ways.

scholarly journals “You Can't be any Poorer than Dead”: Difficulties in Recognizing Artificial Nutrition and Hydration as Medical Treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Heaney
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Artificial Nutrition ◽  
Artificial Nutrition And Hydration ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Great Caution ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Life Sustaining Treatment ◽  
Nutrition And Hydration

The President's Commission Report Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment comes down squarely in favor of two propositions: 1) artificial provision of nutrition and hydration are medical treatments, and 2) as such, these medical treatments may be foregone by certain categories of patients or their proxies. This latter conclusion is based on roughly consequentialist grounds; the former is more assumed than argued There is a school of thought opposed to both of these conclusions. After first demonstrating that nourishment is not medicine, a non-consequentialist or natural law argument is employed to show that nourishment may not be foregone insofar as it violates the principle, “First, do no harm.” I was once a member of this school, and this paper was to argue its position. In the end, however, this paper adopts the position that artificial provision of nourishment and hydration can be medical treatments, and as such may be foregone by certain categories of patients, without violating a natural law understanding of “First, do no harm “Still, exposing my retained sympathies for my former position, the paper attempts to argue for a very careful standard for non-treatment. As a result, the argument of the paper takes four steps. First, I present the argument that artificial provision of nutrition is never medical treatment, giving as much strength to that argument as possible. Second, I show how the focus of that argument leads it astray, and that artificial provision of nourishment is medical treatment. Third, I try to show by what standard patients (or proxies) can legitimately forego this medical treatment Fourth, I point out where my former position has valid criticisms of certain arguments used by those who hold that such treatment may be withdrawn, and urge great caution in deciding to forego treatment.

scholarly journals Addressing student cynicism through transformative learning

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57
Author(s):  
Fernanda Duarte ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Transformative Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
The Real ◽  
Management Students ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reflects on insights that emerged from the findings of a qualitative study conducted by the author in 2007 with third year management students from an Australian university on their perceptions in relation to business ethics. The findings revealed an attitude of cynicism with regard to the application of ethical principles beyond university years – in “the real world of business'. This led the author to engage in more systematic efforts to address this problem, and to this end, she found Mezirow's notion of transformative learning inspiring and valuable. It is contended that reflection and critical thinking are crucially important skills to enable consciousness shifts that will lead to a deeper understanding and greater appreciation of the importance of ethical conduct in management. They can act as antidotes to attitudes of cynicism which make students feel powerless and dejected, disinclined to apply the knowledge gained during their training beyond university years. A selection of examples of class activities and assessments to foster transformative learning is provided.

scholarly journals Ethical dilemmas with little time for reflection: A discussion of the ethics of out-of-hospital refusals

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryson Galozo ◽  
Blair MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Medical Paternalism

In this article, we consider an approach for ethical decision-making for refusals in the out-of-hospital environment. Autonomy and beneficence are discussed as the two ethical principles central to guiding paramedic decision-making in this context. We describe some situations where the two principles may come into conflict and where the working paramedic may be faced with an ethical dilemma. These cases may involve temptations of medical paternalism, which we argue ought to be avoided if possible. A discussion on navigating between autonomy and beneficence will be presented in order to help paramedics sort through dilemmas when these principles conflict. We argue that when these principles are in conflict, autonomy should primarily be respected – however, we will examine situations where the principle of autonomy cannot be applied and the paramedic should either attempt to rectify the patient’s capacity for autonomous decision-making, or, if not possible, proceed with the principle of beneficence.

scholarly journals The Real World of Medical Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension―Small Evidence, but Heavy Cornerstone―

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-183
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Saji ◽  
Tomotaka Nakayama ◽  
Shinichi Takatsuki ◽  
Satoshi Ikehara ◽  
Hiromitsu Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

scholarly journals GenEth: a general ethical dilemma analyzer

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anderson ◽  
Susan Leigh Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Inductive Logic ◽  
Turing Test ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Right

Abstract We argue that ethically significant behavior of autonomous systems should be guided by explicit ethical principles determined through a consensus of ethicists. Such a consensus is likely to emerge in many areas in which intelligent autonomous systems are apt to be deployed and for the actions they are liable to undertake, as we are more likely to agree on how machines ought to treat us than on how human beings ought to treat one another. Given such a consensus, particular cases of ethical dilemmas where ethicists agree on the ethically relevant features and the right course of action can be used to help discover principles needed for ethical guidance of the behavior of autonomous systems. Such principles help ensure the ethical behavior of complex and dynamic systems and further serve as a basis for justification of this behavior. To provide assistance in discovering ethical principles, we have developed GenEth, a general ethical dilemma analyzer that, through a dialog with ethicists, uses inductive logic programming to codify ethical principles in any given domain. GenEth has been used to codify principles in a number of domains pertinent to the behavior of autonomous systems and these principles have been verified using an Ethical Turing Test, a test devised to compare the judgments of codified principles with that of ethicists.

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