scholarly journals Identifying Genetic Variation Associated With Environmental Variation and Drought-tolerance Phenotypes in Ponderosa Pine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjun Shu ◽  
Emily V. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Individual Snps

Abstract Background Genotype-to-environment (G2E) association analysis coupled with genotype-to-phenotype (G2P) association analysis promises exciting advances towards discovering genes responsible for local adaptation. We combine G2E and G2P analysis with gene annotation in Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), an ecologically and economically important conifer that lacks a sequenced genome, to identify genetic variants and gene functions that may be associated with local adaptation to drought. Results We identified SNP markers in 223 genotypes from across the Sierra Nevada by aligning GBS sequence fragments to the reference genome of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Focusing on SNPs in or near coding regions, we found 1458 associated with 5 largely-uncorrelated climate variables, with the largest number (1151) associated with April 1st snow pack. We also planted seeds from a subset of these trees in the greenhouse, subjected half of the seedlings to a drought treatment, and measured phenotypes thought to be associated with drought tolerance, including root length and stomatal density. 817 SNPs were associated with the control-condition values of six traits, while 1154 were associated with responsiveness of these traits to drought. Conclusions While no individual SNPs were associated with both the environmental variables and the measured traits, several categories of genes were associated with both, particularly those involved in cell wall formation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and ubiquitination. However, functions of many of the associated genes have not yet been determined due to the lack of gene annotation information for trees and future studies are needed.

Spacing and Shrub Competition Influence 20-Year Development of Planted Ponderosa Pine

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Stand Development

Abstract Growth and stand development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were monitored for 20 years after planting at five different square spacings (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 ft) in the presence or absence of competing shrubs on the westside Sierra Nevada. Mean tree size was positively correlated and stand values negatively correlated with spacing in the absence of competing shrubs. Trees growing with competing shrubs attained 76% of the diameter, 80% of the height, and 58% of the cubic volume of trees free of shrub competition when all spacings were combined. This study suggests that the major effect of shrub competition in ponderosa pine plantations on good sites is to lengthen the rotation. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):79-82, July 1990.

Effects of Soil Compaction on Tree Volume in a California Ponderosa Pine Plantation

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Helms ◽  
C. Hipkin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Abstract Soil bulk density was measured around 423 trees (0.48 ha) in a 16-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantation in the Sierra Nevada of California. A landing, skid trail, and areas adjacent to skid trails had soil bulk density increased by 43, 30, and 18% compared to areas with lowest bulk density. Due to differences in mean tree volume and initial survival, volume per unit area in these three locations was reduced by 69, 55, and 13%. Areas between skid trails were relatively unaffected. Assuming full stocking, reduction in productivity by age 40 yr in the most heavily compacted areas is equivalent to about one site index class. Further reduction in projected volume on highly compacted areas could occur due to lower initial survival. Alternative approaches to skid trail management are suggested. West. J. Appl. For. 1:121:124, Oct. 1986.

scholarly journals Twenty-Five-Year Growth and Mortality of Planted Ponderosa Pine Repeatedly Thinned to Different Stand Densities in Northern California

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lower Site

Abstract A 20 yr old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) plantation on a productive site on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in northern California was thinned four times over a 25 yr period. Stand densities tested were Stand Density Indexes (SDI) of 73, 128, 183, 238, and 293 (equivalent to 40,70,100,130, and 160 ft2/ac of basal area), replicated three times in a randomized design. Growth was analyzed for each of five 5 yr periods. Periodic annual increments (PAI) of diameter, net basal area, and net total volume differed significantly among periods and, in the earlier periods, among stocking levels. Mortality from winter storms and bark beetles was largely confined to the higher stand densities and in periods 3 and 4 caused PAIs of net basal area and net total volume to decline below that of lower densities. The sensitivity of mortality to stand density suggests a thinning target of SDI 183 (about 100 ft²/ac of basal area) for similar stands—no higher than that recommended for eastside stands of much lower site productivity. This sensitivity coupled with rapid growth suggests that multiple thinnings will be necessary in similar stands to maintain healthy, vigorous trees. West. J. Appl. For. 12(4):122-130.

Association between Dendroctonus valens and black stain root disease on ponderosa pine in the Sierra Nevada of California

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Owen ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
John R. Parmeter
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Western Pine Beetle ◽  
Dendroctonus Valens ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Colonization Behavior

AbstractThe host-colonization behavior of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated in stands of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson (Pinaceae), with black stain root disease in the central Sierra Nevada of California. By felling live trees, we found that trees with pitch tubes produced during the initiation of tunneling by D. valens had a significantly higher incidence of black stain root disease, caused by Leptographium wageneri var. ponderosum (Harrington et Cobb), than trees without pitch tubes. Trees with the most D. valens pitch tubes had the greatest likelihood of being diseased. Additionally, observations over a 3-year period revealed that trees with D. valens pitch tubes had a significantly higher mortality rate than trees without pitch tubes. Infection by L. wageneri was confirmed for most of the trees that died, and death typically did not occur without mass attacks by the western pine beetle, D. brevicomis LeConte, and (or) the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins. Trees with the most D. valens pitch tubes had the highest mortality rate. An experiment was conducted to compare the attraction of D. valens and other insects to wounded-diseased, wounded-symptomless, and unwounded trees. More D. valens, Spondylis upiformis Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Hylastes spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were attracted to wounded trees than to unwounded trees. Catches of these beetles on wounded-diseased trees were not significantly different from catches on wounded-symptomless trees.

A simple technique to measure stem respiration using a horizontally oriented soil chamber

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1555-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Xu ◽  
Terry A DeBiase ◽  
Ye Qi
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Stem Temperature

This paper introduces a simple technique, the horizontally oriented soil chamber (HOSC), to measure stem and branch respiration easily and accurately. We extend the function of the LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber by attaching a custom-built polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collar to the stem surface. For small trees and branches we use pipe bushings to connect the chamber to stem surface. Using this technique we measured stem respiration in a young ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Georgetown, Calif., from June to December 1998. The diurnal and seasonal variations in respiration rate correlate well with the corresponding stem temperature variation. The Q10 values varied from 1.9 to 2.8, which are within the range of Q10 values (1.3-3.3) reported in previous studies. The range of our stem respiration results (3.5-7.2 µmol·m-2·s-1) compares favorably with previous studies on young ponderosa pine trees. This technique provides an alternative to measure stem respiration, which employs widely used, commercially available, portable respiration measurement equipment and requires almost no additional equipment, especially for current owners of LI-6400 systems. Thus, the HOSC technique is appropriate for examining spatial variation of stem respiration.

scholarly journals Influence of Ash Substrate Proximity on Growth and Survival of Planted Mixed-Conifer Seedlings

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. York ◽  
Zachary Thomas ◽  
Joseph Restaino
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Height Gain

Abstract To address uncertainty in the performance of seedlings planted in and around postburn substrates, we systematically planted seedlings in the center of, on the edge of, and outside ash substrate footprints following burning of logging residue piles and monitored growth and survival for a decade. Five species (Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum], incense-cedar [Calocedrus decurrens], sugar pine [Pinus lambertiana], and ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa]) were planted in a regenerating mixed-conifer stand in the Sierra Nevada range of California. There was a positive effect of ash substrate proximity on growth that was immediate and persisted for 10 years for every species except incense-cedar. Seedlings planted in the centers of ash substrates consistently outgrew (in both height and basal diameter) seedlings that were planted either on the edges of or outside ash substrates. Douglas-fir had the greatest height gain (+47%), followed by giant sequoia (+28%), sugar pine (+23%), and ponderosa pine (+17%). Basal diameter differences were similar. No effect of ash proximity on survival was detected. Planting seedlings in the centers of ash substrates led to exceptionally larger trees by the time the stand had developed enough to apply a precommercial thin, a relevant milestone for managed stands.

Sampling Aerial Photographs for Estimation of Pest-Caused Tree Mortality

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
William E. Waters ◽  
Robert W. Graebner
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Aerial Photo ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Variable Probability

Abstract Six methods of estimating pest-caused tree mortality were evaluated by computer-based sampling of the aerial photo and numerical database of a 9,320 ha area of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the central Sierra Nevada, California. Two sampling universes were defined, one comprising 9 X 9 in photo units, the other 70 mm photo units. Of the sampling designs simulated, 2-stage designs involving subsampling of photo strips with either equal or variable probability provided estimates with the lowest standard deviations, and hence would require smaller sample sizes (and less photo-interpretation time) for a specified precision. The findings of this study have application to operational surveys of pest damage for which complete aerial photo coverage is available, or to the design of surveys for which only sample aerial photo coverage is feasible. West J. Appl. For. 1:84-89, July 1986.

Regional growth changes in ozone-stressed ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

The Holocene ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Peterson ◽  
Michael J. Arbaugh ◽  
Lindsay J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Growth Changes

scholarly journals Testing hypotheses of Pleistocene population history using coalescent simulations: phylogeography of the pygmy nuthatch ( Sitta pygmaea )

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1605) ◽  
pp. 3057-3063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth M Spellman ◽  
John Klicka
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Population History ◽  
Pleistocene Refugia ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 ◽  
Coalescent Simulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glacial Refuge

In this paper, we use mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequences to test Pleistocene refugial hypotheses for the pygmy nuthatch ( Sitta pygmaea ). Pygmy nuthatches are a common resident of long-needle pine forests in western North America and demonstrate a particular affinity with ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). Palaeoecological and genetic data indicate that ponderosa pine was isolated in two Pleistocene refugia corresponding to areas in the southern Sierra Nevada in the west and southern Arizona and New Mexico in the east. We use coalescent simulations to test the hypothesis that pygmy nuthatches tracked the Pleistocene history of their preferred habitat and persisted in two refugia during the periods of glacial maxima. Coalescent simulation of population history does not support the hypothesis of two Pleistocene refugia for the pygmy nuthatch. Instead, our data are consistent with a single refuge model. Nucleotide diversity is greatest in the western populations of southern and coastal California. We suggest that the pygmy nuthatch expanded from a far western glacial refuge into its current distribution since the most recent glacial maximum.

Effects of Soil Compaction on Height Growth of a California Ponderosa Pine Plantation

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 104-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Helms ◽  
C. Hipkin ◽  
E. B. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Height Growth

Abstract An analysis was made of the extent to which observed variability in plantation height growth could be explained by variability in soil surface characteristics that are modified by harvesting and site preparation activities. The study was done in a 16-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantation in the Sierra Nevada of California. Annual height growth of all 423 trees within a 0.48 ha area was measured together with soil bulk density, A-Horizon thickness, and shrub competition. Soil organic carbon and mineralizeable nitrogen were measured on a subsample of 72 trees. Trees in areas of highest bulk density grew 43% less at age 1 and 13% less at age 15 than those in areas of lowest bulk density. Annual shoot growth was markedly reduced for 4 consecutive years following 2 years of below-normal precipitation, especially in trees growing in soils of lowest bulk density. Bulk density, A-Horizon thickness, and shrub cover accounted for only 13 to 23% of variability in height growth of the 423-tree sample. These same variables, plus organic carbon and mineralizeable nitrogen, accounted for 31% of variability in height growth of the 72-tree sample. West. J. Appl. For. 1:104-108, Oct. 1986.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document