Outcomes and complications of the reamer irrigator aspirator versus traditional iliac crest bone graft harvesting: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The reamer irrigator aspirator (RIA) is a relatively recent device that is placed in the medullary canal of long bones to harvest a large volume of bone marrow, which is collected in a filtered canister. This study compares outcomes and complications of the RIA versus a traditional iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) for the treatment of bone defects. Methods This meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases were accessed in June 2021. All clinical trials comparing the RIA and ICBG with a minimum of 6 months follow-up were included. Results Data from 4819 patients were collected. The RIA group demonstrated lower site pain (P < 0.0001), fewer infections (P = 0.001), and a lower rate of adverse events (P < 0.0001). The ICBG group demonstrated a greater rate of bone union (P < 0.0001). There was no difference between groups in VAS (P = 0.09) and mean time to union (P = 0.06). Conclusion The current evidence supports the use of the RIA, given its low morbidity and short learning curve.

Cultural conformity and persistence in Dickcissel song are higher in locations in which males show high site fidelity

Dickcissel (Spiza americana) males occupying territories in cropland sites produced songs that were less similar on average to other Dickcissel songs in their neighborhood than did Dickcissels living in grasslands, where conformity to the local vocal culture was higher. Further, Dickcissel vocal culture changed more quickly over time in cropland sites relative to grassland sites. These differences may have resulted from the lower site fidelity we observed in Dickcissel males in cropland sites relative to grassland sites. We expected this link with site fidelity because we hypothesized that conformity to local culture in Oscine songbirds and the persistence of culture over time and space are promoted by habitats that facilitate stable populations. In contrast, sites in which habitat features cause rapid population turnover provide more territory vacancies and so more opportunities for colonization. Colonization should drive cultural change, either through adult colonists importing foreign cultural variants or young colonists making errors as they learn the local song. This potential link between population turnover and cultural stability may apply to animal cultures more broadly and so may be a fruitful area for further research. Besides the link between site fidelity and cultural change over time, we also investigated the possibility that habitats with different levels of site fidelity might show differences in the spatial scale of song similarity. However, we found no evidence of such a difference. Finally, although our conclusions regarding conformity and change in vocal culture were based on many recorded songs, automated assessments of song similarity imprecisely estimated the overall degree of song similarity. Thus, we may have underestimated the strength of the effects of time and distance on song similarity.

Role of Tracheostomy in Dealing with Penetrating Neck Trauma: A Double Edged Sword

Background Penetrating neck trauma is an injury in which platysma muscle in neck is breached. It is a life threatening emergency and it requires urgent management by securing airway and neck exploration. Tracheostomy is one of the important procedures as it secures the airway though associated with complications and morbidity in the patients. Case Presentation We present 3 cases of penetrating neck trauma. Each patient is managed by different means of securing airway depending on the site of trauma and associated laryngeal injury. Conclusion Tracheostomy in penetrating neck trauma helps in securing the airway and paves way for safe neck exploration. Minor laryngeal injuries are managed conservatively in order to avoid complications associated with tracheostomy. Tracheostomy and other means of airway management in penetrating neck trauma depend mainly on individualised approach though tracheostomy at a lower site to that of wound should be preferred in major laryngeal injuries. Keywords: Penetrating Neck Trauma; Tracheostomy; Laryngeal Injuries; Airway Management.

THE CAPACITY OF THE SANNA RIVER IN CONDITIONS OF THE RELIABLE FLOW AND THE CONTROL DISCHARGES OF THE WEIR IN ZAKLIKÓW

The aim of the study was to determine the capacity of a selected section of the Sanna river, designated below the lower site of the weir in Zaklików. The capacity calculations included the conditions of flood water discharge, i.e. the reliable flow and the control flow, determined in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment on technical conditions that should be ensured for the hydrotechnical structures and their locations. The paper presents the consequences of changes in the regulations regarding the determination of building type, for which reliable flow and control discharges are determined. These modifications in the regulations have an impact on changes in the determination of the probability value for water discharges related to the analysed weir. The calculation of the capacity of the tested section also took into account its technical condition, specifying the variant of calculations for the lack of maintenance works, i.e. for the current state and for the state after maintenance works, consisting in mowing vegetation on slopes and shaping the surface of river bottom, removing pits and shallows. The results of the calculations of capacity of the measured cross-sections showed that the performance of maintenance works will convey the flow of a Q3% reliable flow in the Sanna river, while the Q1% control flow will not fit into the riverbed and will cause inundation of the adjacent areas.

The mansio in Pisidia‘s Döşeme Boğazı: a unique building in Roman Asia Minor

The Döşeme Boğazı (‘Pass with the Pavement’) is one of the ancient routes through the Taurus Mountains that connected the Anatolian interior with the southern coastal regions (fig. 1). From an early date it was an important component of the Roman road-system in Asia Minor (fig. 2). The pass lay near the S end of the Republican route from the Dardanelles to Side which was created by Manius Aquillius, first proconsul of Asia between 129 and 126 B.C. The S part of this road was incorporated into the via Sebaste, built in 6/5 B.C., which linked several of the Roman colonies founded by Augustus in south-central Anatolia to the Mediterranean coast. By good fortune, the ancient settlements and the Roman and post-Roman road in this defile have survived largely untouched by modern development. The course of the road between the Roman colony of Comama (Pisidia) and Perge (Pamphylia), as well as branch roads leading to other settlements, can be traced precisely. Well-preserved remains of two settlements, both occupied between the 2nd and 6th c., are identifiable at the upper and lower ends of the defile: in them are houses having from 2 to 10 rooms, the larger ones arranged around courtyards and some having cisterns and towers (Turmgehöfte), a bath-house and public cisterns, roadside shops, sarcophagi and small heroa in prominent positions by the road, and numerous churches. The lower site includes a large walled structure probably of the 6th c., that was almost certainly designed as an animal enclosure to control transhumant flocks. Most remarkable of all the surviving structures in the pass, however, are the remains of a mansio or way-station, which survives up to roof level and is the best-preserved building of this type in the entire empire.

Recent prey capture experience and dynamic habitat quality mediate short-term foraging site fidelity in a seabird

Foraging site fidelity allows animals to increase their efficiency by returning to profitable feeding areas. However, the mechanisms underpinning why animals ‘stay’ or ‘switch’ sites have rarely been investigated. Here, we explore how habitat quality and prior prey capture experience influence short-term site fidelity by the little penguin ( Eudyptula minor ). Using 88 consecutive foraging trips by 20 brooding penguins, we found that site fidelity was higher after foraging trips where environmental conditions were favourable, and after trips where prey capture success was high. When penguins exhibited lower site fidelity, the number of prey captures relative to the previous trip increased, suggesting that switches in foraging location were an adaptive strategy in response to low prey capture rates. Penguins foraged closer to where other penguins foraged on the same day than they did to the location of their own previous foraging site, and caught more prey when they foraged close together. This suggests that penguins aggregated flexibly when prey was abundant and accessible. Our results illustrate how foraging predators can integrate information about prior experience with contemporary information such as social cues. This gives insight into how animals combine information adaptively to exploit changing prey distribution in a dynamic environment.

The synergy effect of rare earth cations on local structure and PL emission in a Ce3+:REPO4(RE = La, Gd, Lu, Y) system

The activation of P−O bonding that promotes the phase transition and enhances the PL emission of REPO4under the synergy effect of rare earth cations is studied. Anion groups with lower site symmetry coordinated with rare earth cations favor 5d → 4f emission of Ce3+.

Relation between Body Structure and Hearing during Soft Tissue Auditory Stimulation

Hearing is elicited by applying the clinical bone vibrator to soft tissue sites on the head, neck, and thorax. Two mapping experiments were conducted in normal hearing subjects differing in body build: determination of thelowestsoft tissue stimulationsiteat which a 60 dB SL tone at 2.0 kHz was effective in eliciting auditory sensation and assessment of actualthresholdsalong the midline of the head, neck, and back. In males, a lower site for hearing on the back was strongly correlated with a leaner body build. A correlation was not found in females. In both groups, thresholds on the head were lower, and they were higher on the back, with a transition along the neck. This relation between the soft tissue stimulation site and hearing sensation is likely due to the different distribution of soft tissues in various parts of the body.

The crystal structure of kraisslite,[4]Zn3(Mn, Mg)25(Fe3+,Al)(As3+O3)2[(Si,As5+)O4]10(OH)16, from the Sterling Hill mine, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

The crystal structure of kraisslite, orthorhombic (pseudo-hexagonal),a= 8.1821(1),b= 14.1946(3),c= 43.9103(8) Å,V= 5099.8(2) Å3,Z= 4 anddcalc= 4.083 g cm–3, has been solved by direct methods and refined in the space groupC2221to anR1index of 1.68% for 7432 observed (|Fo| > 4σ|F|) reflections. Electron-microprobe analysis gave the following chemical composition: As2O510.86, As2O36.18, SiO213.39, Al2O30.25, Fe2O32.06, MnO 51.14, ZnO 7.39, MgO 2.13, CaO 0.05, H2Ocalc= 4.50, sum 97.95 wt.%; and empirical formula: Zn2.91(Mn23.07Mg1.69Ca0.03)Σ=24.79(Fe0.833+Al0.16)Σ=0.99(As3+O3)2[(Si0.71As0.305+)O4]10(OH)16calculated on the basis of 62 anions with (OH) = 16 and As3+/(As3++ As5+) taken from the refined crystal structure. The general formula, [4]Zn3(Mn,Mg)25(Fe3+,Al)(As3+O3)2[(Si,As5+)O4]10(OH)16, differs from those given previously.There is one As3+site with a <As–O> distance of 1.780 Å and a stereochemistry typical of a stereoactive lone-pair of electrons. There are five tetrahedrally coordinated T sites with <T–O> distances from 1.635 to 1.692 Å; the T(1) site is fully occupied by As5+, and the T(2)–T(5) sites are occupied by both Si and As5+. There are two tetrahedrally coordinated Zn sites with <T–O> distances of ∼1.996 Å, both of which are occupied by dominant Zn and minor Mn2+. There are thirteen octahedrally coordinated M sites, twelve of which are occupied by dominant Mn2+with lesser Mg and minor Zn; <M–O> distances are in the range 2.197–2.284 Å. The <M(13)–O> distance is 2.083 Å and its lower site scattering indicates occupancy by Fe3+, Mn2+, Mg and Al. The structure consists of five crystallographically distinct layers of polyhedra, labelled m = 0 – 4. Layer m = 0 consists of corner-sharing Zn and (Si, As5+) tetrahedra, and layers m = 1–4 each consist of trimers of Mn2+octahedra linked by (Si, As5+) tetrahedra and intrasheet hydrogen bonds (m = 1, 3) or (Si, As5+) tetrahedra and (Fe3+,Al) octahedra (m = 2) or (As5+) tetrahedra and (As3+O3) triangular pyramids and intrasheet hydrogen bonds (m = 4). The layers stack along [001] with reversals of the sequence m = 1, 2, 3, 4 at z = 0, ¼, ½ and ¾. Kraisslite is a member of the mcgovernite family.

Evaluation of diffusion parameters and T2 values of the masseter muscle during jaw opening, clenching, and rest

Background Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to evaluate changes that accompany skeletal muscle contraction. Purpose To investigate whether jaw opening or closure affect the diffusion parameters of the masseter muscles (MMs). Material and Methods Eleven healthy volunteers were evaluated. Diffusion-tensor images were acquired to obtain the primary (λ1), secondary (λ2), and tertiary eigenvalues (λ3). We estimated these parameters at three different locations: at the level of the mandibular notch for the superior site, the level of the mandibular foramen for the middle site, and the root apex of the mandibular molars for the inferior site. Results Both λ2 and λ3 during jaw opening were significantly lower than that at rest at the superior ( P = 0.006, P < 0.0001, respectively) and middle site ( P = 0.004, P = 0.0001, respectively); however, the change in λ1 was not significant. At the lower site, no parameter was significantly different at rest and during jaw opening. There was no significant difference in T2 between at rest (40.3 ± 4.4 ms) and during jaw opening (39.2 ± 2.7 ms; P = 0.12). The changes induced by jaw closure were marked at the inferior site. In the middle and inferior sites, the three eigenvalues were increased by jaw closure, and the changes in λ1 ( P = 0.0145, P = 0.0107, respectively) and λ2 ( P = 0.0003, P = 0.0001) were significant (especially λ2). Conclusion The eigenvalues for diffusion of the MM were sensitive to jaw position. The recruitment of muscle fibers, specific to jaw position, reflects the differences in changes in muscle diffusion parameters.