Can high SARS-CoV-2 adult vaccination rates help protect unvaccinated children? Evidence from a unique rapid mass vaccination campaign

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-958479/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

jörg paetzold

Keyword(s):

Adult Population ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Cross Protection ◽

Control Group ◽

Protection Effect ◽

Age Cohorts ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

Rapid Mass ◽

Control Regions

Abstract Background: Mass vaccination has the potential to bring the COVID-19 pandemic to a halt by not only protecting individuals who have been vaccinated but also by providing cross-protection to unvaccinated individuals, such as children. However, this indirect protection effect from a vaccinated population onto an unvaccinated group is extremely difficult to observe in real-world situations. Methods: We studied cross-protection to unvaccinated individuals following an unprecedented rapid mass vaccination campaign in Europe. After a large outbreak of B.1.351 (Beta) in the district of Schwaz in Austria, the government offered every adult (16+) citizen of the district a vaccination with BNT162b2 between the 11th and 16th of March 2021. After this week, around 70% of the adult population of Schwaz had received their first dose, which made Schwaz the first widely inoculated region in Europe. The cohort of children under the age of 16 remained entirely unvaccinated (EMA only approved the vaccine for 12-15 year-olds on the 28th of May). This local mass vaccination campaign created a situation in which the vaccination coverage of the adult population sharply differed at the district border of Schwaz, while the coverage of those below the age of 16 remained the exact same. We compared SARS-CoV-2 cases among the adult population as well as children in Schwaz with case numbers of the same age cohorts from control regions. First, we compared Schwaz with a control group of other Austrian districts highly similar to Schwaz in many socio-demographic characteristics as well as in infection spread prior to the mass vaccination campaign. Second, we compared local populations residing along the border of Schwaz which live in the very same geographic area but with different vaccination coverage because they were not included in the vaccination campaign. Interpretation: Prior the mass vaccination campaign, we observed very similar infection spread across all age cohorts in Schwaz and the control regions. Around 3-4 weeks after the campaign, infections started to diverge between Schwaz and the control regions. While the difference was largest among the population aged 16–50 years (which was offered vaccination in the campaign), we also observed a statistically significant reduction in cases among the group of unvaccinated children. Our findings are robust to changes in the control group, as well as controls of a rich set of time and region specific effects. Policy implications: Our results constitute one of the first evidence of an indirect cross-protection effect from a group of vaccinated individuals to an unvaccinated group (in our case children). Given that in many countries the proposition to keep schools open during the academic year 2021/22 is a top priority, this evidence of community-protection is highly policy relevant.

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The effects of rapid mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants-of-Concern: Evidence from an early VoCs hotspot

10.21203/rs.3.rs-741944/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

joerg paetzold ◽

Florian Krammer ◽

Dorothee von Laer ◽

Hannes winner ◽

Janine Kimpel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Population ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Real Life ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Control Group ◽

Age Cohorts ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

Younger Age ◽

Large Outbreak ◽

Rapid Mass

Abstract We studied the real-life effect of an unprecedented rapid mass vaccination campaign. Following a large outbreak of B.1.351 and B.1.1.7/E484K in the district of Schwaz/Austria, 100,000 BNT162b2 doses were procured to mass vaccinate the entire adult population (16+) of the district between the 11th and 16th of March 2021. This made the district the first widely inoculated region in Europe. We examined the effect of this unique campaign on the number of infections including VoCs, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. We compared Schwaz with (i) a control group of highly similar districts, and (ii) with populations residing in municipalities along the border of Schwaz which were just excluded from the campaign. We find large and significant decreases for all outcomes after the campaign, including VoCs cases. The reduction relative to the control regions was largest for younger age cohorts, which were mostly non-vaccinated in the rest of the country due to the age-gradient in the national vaccination plan. Our results demonstrate that rapid population-wide mass vaccination can be an effective tool to curb overall infections as well as VoCs.

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Parents’ and Adolescents’ Willingness to be Vaccinated Against Serogroup B Meningococcal Disease during a Mass Vaccination in Saguenay–Lac-St-Jean (Quebec)

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2015/732464 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 163-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Eve Dubé ◽

Dominique Gagnon ◽

Denis Hamel ◽

Sylvie Belley ◽

Hélène Gagné ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Telephone Survey ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

4Cmenb Vaccine ◽

Self Protection ◽

To Receive

A mass vaccination campaign with the 4CMenB vaccine (Bexsero®; Novartis Pharmaceutical Canada Inc) was launched in a serogroup B endemic area in Quebec. A telephone survey was conducted to assess parental and adolescent opinions about the acceptability of the vaccine. Intent to receive the vaccine or vaccine receipt was reported by the majority of parents (93%) and adolescents (75%). Meningitis was perceived as being a dangerous disease by the majority of parents and adolescents. The majority of respondents also considered the 4CMenB vaccine to be safe and effective. The main reason for positive vaccination intention or behaviour was self-protection, while a negative attitude toward vaccination in general was the main reason mentioned by parents who did not intend to have their child vaccinated. Adolescents mainly reported lack of interest, time or information, and low perceived susceptibility and disease severity as the main reasons for not intending to be vaccinated or not being vaccinated.

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Impact of a mass vaccination campaign against a meningitis epidemic in a refugee camp

Tropical Medicine & International Health ◽

10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-49.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 385-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Edwige Haelterman ◽

Marleen Boelaert ◽

Carl Suetens ◽

Lucie Blok ◽

Myriam Henkens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Refugee Camp ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign

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Measles Outbreak Associated With Low Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia, 2014

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Craig M. Hales ◽

Eliaser Johnson ◽

Louisa Helgenberger ◽

Mark J. Papania ◽

Maribeth Larzelere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Cold Chain ◽

Primary Case ◽

Federated States Of Micronesia ◽

Measles Outbreak ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract Background. A measles outbreak in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia in 2014 affected many persons who had received ≥1 dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A mass vaccination campaign targeted persons aged 6 months to 49 years, regardless of prior vaccination. Methods. We evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MCV by comparing secondary attack rates among vaccinated and unvaccinated contacts after household exposure to measles. Results. Among 318 contacts, VE for precampaign MCV was 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], −425 to 87.3) for 1 dose, 63.4% (95% CI, −103 to 90.6) for 2 doses, and 95.9% (95% CI, 45.0 to 100) for 3 doses. Vaccine effectiveness was 78.7% (95% CI, 10.1 to 97.7) for campaign doses received ≥5 days before rash onset in the primary case and 50.4% (95% CI, −52.1 to 87.9) for doses received 4 days before to 3 days after rash onset in the primary case. Vaccine effectiveness for most recent doses received before 2010 ranged from 51% to 57%, but it increased to 84% for second doses received in 2010 or later. Conclusions. Low VE was a major source of measles susceptibility in this outbreak; potential reasons include historical cold chain inadequacies or waning of immunity. Vaccine effectiveness of campaign doses supports rapid implementation of vaccination campaigns in outbreak settings.

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Impacts of a mass vaccination campaign against pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza in Taiwan: a time-series regression analysis

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 82-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Un-In Wu ◽

Jann-Tay Wang ◽

Shan-Chwen Chang ◽

Yu-Chung Chuang ◽

Wei-Ru Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Pandemic H1n1 ◽

Time Series Regression ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

Pandemic H1n1 2009

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The effect of mass influenza immunization in children on the morbidity of the unvaccinated elderly

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268805005650 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 134 (1) ◽

pp. 71-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Y. Z. GHENDON ◽

A. N. KAIRA ◽

G. A. ELSHINA

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Clinical Effectiveness ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Influenza Epidemic ◽

Home Setting ◽

Institutionalized Elderly ◽

Influenza Immunization ◽

Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽

Significant Mass

SUMMARYThe objectives of these studies were to analyse the effect of mass influenza immunization in children on the morbidity of unvaccinated non-institutionalized elderly during an influenza epidemic. A mass vaccination campaign with vaccine was conducted in children aged 3–6 years attending kindergartens (57·4% of 6374) and aged 7–17 years attending schools (72% of 34 237) in two communities of the Moscow region. The clinical effectiveness of vaccination was 60·9% for kindergartens and 68·8% for schools. There were 3·4 times fewer episodes of influenza-like illnesses and 1·7–2·6 fewer episodes in all seven diseases which are possible complications of influenza out of the 10 evaluated diseases in 158 451 unvaccinated non-institutionalized elderly people during the influenza epidemic compared with the control communities. The differences were found to be statistically significant. Mass vaccination of children attending child institutions brought about a significant reduction of both influenza-like illnesses in children and influenza-associated illnesses in unvaccinated non-institutionalized elderly persons living in the home setting.

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