measles vaccine
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Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Majdi M. Sabahelzain ◽  
Mohamed Moukhyer ◽  
Hans Bosma ◽  
Bart van den Borne

Determinants of vaccine hesitancy are not yet well understood. This study aims to assess measles vaccine hesitancy and characterize its determinants among Sudanese parents in Omdurman in Khartoum State. A community-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in Khartoum State in February 2019. The Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccination (PACV) was used to measure measles vaccine hesitancy. Questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the family, the perception of the parents about the measles vaccine, and the parental exposure to information were asked. Proportions of vaccine hesitancy and coefficients of linear regression were computed. Five hundred parents were recruited for the study. We found that a significant proportion of participants (about 1 in 5 parents) had hesitations regarding the measles vaccine. Significant predictors of measles vaccine hesitancy were parental exposure to anti-vaccination information or materials (β = −0.478, p-value < 0.001), the parents’ perception of the effectiveness of measles vaccines (β = 0.093, p-value = 0.020), the age of the mother (β = 0.112, p-value = 0.017), the birth rank of the child (β = −0.116, p-value = 0.015), and the total number of the children in the family (β = 0.098, p-value = 0.013). Vaccination access issues were the common justification for parental vaccination hesitancy. Our findings indicate that investment in vaccine communication as well as addressing access issues might be an effective intervention for improving measles vaccine acceptance and, ultimately, measles vaccine coverage.


Author(s):  
Majdi M. Sabahelzain ◽  
Mohamed Moukhyer ◽  
Bart van den Borne ◽  
Hans Bosma

Vaccine uptake is one of the indicators that has been used to guide immunization programs. This study aimed to evaluate whether the measles vaccine uptake is predicted by measles vaccine hesitancy. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban districts in Khartoum state in February 2019. Measles vaccine uptake among children was measured as either fully vaccinated or partially/not vaccinated. The Parents Attitude about Childhood Vaccination (PACV) scale was used to measure measles vaccine hesitancy. Multivariate logistic regression was run to identify the predictors of measles vaccination uptake controlling for sociodemographic variables and the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CI were calculated. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was performed, besides area under the curve (AUC) for the PACV was computed. Data was collected from 495 participants. We found that measles vaccine hesitancy (PACV scores) predicted the uptake of measles vaccine after controlling other potential social confounders such as mother&rsquo;s age and the number of children (aOR 1.055, 95% CI 1.028-1.028). Additionally, the ROC for the PACV yielded area under the curve (AUC 0.686 (95% CI 0.620-0.751, P &lt;0.001). Our findings show that measles vaccine hesitancy in Sudan directly influences the uptake of the measles vaccine. Addressing the determinants of vaccine hesitancy through communication strategies will improve vaccine uptake.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1884 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-262
Keyword(s):  

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Nzounza ◽  
Grégoire Martin ◽  
Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet ◽  
Valérie Najburg ◽  
Leslie Gosse ◽  
...  

AbstractReplicative vectors derived from live-attenuated measles virus (MV) carrying additional non-measles vaccine antigens have long demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in humans despite pre-existing immunity to measles. Here, we report the vaccination of cynomolgus macaques with MV replicative vectors expressing simian-human immunodeficiency virus Gag, Env, and Nef antigens (MV-SHIV Wt) either wild type or mutated in the immunosuppressive (IS) domains of Nef and Env antigens (MV-SHIV Mt). We found that the inactivation of Nef and Env IS domains by targeted mutations led to the induction of significantly enhanced post-prime cellular immune responses. After repeated challenges with low doses of SHIV-SF162p3, vaccinees were protected against high viremia, resulting in a 2-Log reduction in peak viremia, accelerated viral clearance, and a decrease -even complete protection for nearly half of the monkeys- in reservoir cell infection. This study demonstrates the potential of a replicative viral vector derived from the safe and widely used measles vaccine in the development of a future human vaccine against HIV-1.


Author(s):  
Benedict S. B. CHAN ◽  
Chi Ngai CHEUNG

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 疫苗猶豫,亦即延遲甚至拒絕接受疫苗接種,不只是人們對科學有多少了解的問題,亦混雜着不同信念和對權威的不信任。另一方面,有支持強制接種疫苗人士認為,因為疫苗是相對安全的方法令得社會達至群體免疫;權衡輕重之下,強制接種是道德上可以容許的做法。社會能否要求民眾強制接種新冠疫苗,抑或是疫苗猶豫有其合理性,應予尊重,是一個值得我們探討的道德課題。 本文會用以下的方式探究此項課題。歷來有不少學者提出各類支持強制接種麻疹疫苗的理由。另一方面,我們亦必須考慮各類支持疫苗猶疑的理由。正反的道德論證,皆涉及不能約化,但是在不同情境需要比較和排序的價值。我們會論證應以阿馬蒂亞•森(Amartya Sen)提出的後果評價作為道德推論和基礎去評估這些多元價值。在後果評價的基礎上,才可以比較接種新冠疫苗與麻疹疫苗在道德上的異同,並由此建立一套框架去評估強制疫苗接種的道德議題。 Vaccine hesitancy, a delay in acceptance or even refusal of vaccination, is a problem not only linked to public knowledge of science but also caused by complex beliefs and a lack of confidence in authority. People who support coercive vaccination argue that vaccination is a comparatively safe path for people in a community to reach herd immunity. Weighing the benefits and costs, coercive vaccination is morally permissible. However, whether we should enact it for Covid-19 vaccines or respect people who have vaccine hesitancy is a moral issue worthy of detailed investigation. Similar debates have also been around coercive use of the measles vaccine, which will serve as a point of comparison in this evaluation. There are different kinds of arguments for and against policies of coercive vaccination, but whether positive or negative, they involve values that are incommensurable but should be compared and ranked accordingly in different situations. We argue that consequential evaluation, as suggested by Amartya Sen, forms the moral reasoning and foundation to evaluate these plural values. Using consequential evaluation, we can compare the moral similarities and differences between Covid-19 vaccines and measles vaccines and develop a framework to evaluate the moral issue of coercive vaccination.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Claire Gregory

With the global COVID-19 pandemic, many public health services were severely disrupted. Estimating the overall health effects of this is difficult as most disease surveillance systems have also been substantially affected during the pandemic. For some diseases, this effect is mitigated by the methods enacted to fight the pandemic, such as use of facial coverings, social distancing and quarantine, but measles is infectious to the degree that this mitigation is likely to be limited. Thus, outbreaks and an increase in global measles mortality are expected. However, the severity of this impact is not yet known. In early 2020, a study by Roberton and colleagues predicted an additional 12,360 to 37,920 deaths in children under-five worldwide from measles over the coming year based on three potential levels of vaccine coverage reductions ranging from 18.5 to 51.9%. Our study investigates the magnitude of the increase in measles mortality due to decreased vaccine coverage because of COVID-19, based on official estimates of 2020 measles vaccine coverage from WHO/UNICEF released in July 2021. Using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST), an interventions modeling program, we estimated measles mortality for low/middle income countries (LMICs) based on the 2020 WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage (WUENIC). Because these calculations use actual reported vaccine coverage, they provide a more accurate picture of measles mortality related to COVID-19 disruptions in 2020. Using the WUENIC data, LiST predicted fewer additional deaths in 2020 due to decreases in measles vaccine coverage than estimations made by LiST based on Roberton, 2020 due to remarkable recovery efforts by national immunization programmes in the second half of 2020.


Author(s):  
Ahmed Arafa Helaly ◽  
Ahmed Ezzat ◽  
Mohammed Gamal Abdellatif

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is characterized by an increase in intracranial pressure with no significant structural cause. The diagnostic criteria include general signs and symptoms of generalized increased intracranial pressure or papilledema, increased Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) pressure (>250 mm H2 O), and normal brain imaging. It usually occurs in adults but rarely can be seen in children. We report a 7-year-old child with a manifestation of increased intracranial tension after the measles vaccine, associated with bilateral sixth nerve palsy and bilateral facial palsy with lower motor neuron features. Normal magnetic resonance imaging and CSF results were normal, except for an increase in CSF pressure. The symptoms began to be resolved after lumbar puncture with the complete resolution of symptoms after one and half months. We add also acetazolamide at the proper dose to reduce intracranial pressure from the first day of diagnosis.


Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Azam ◽  
Barbara Saitta ◽  
Kimberly Bonner ◽  
Matthew J. Ferrari ◽  
Juliet R.C. Pulliam

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