Effect of Time of Menstrual Cycle on Drug Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary H. Kamimori
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

Patient-specific issues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wiffen ◽  
Marc Mitchell ◽  
Melanie Snelling ◽  
Nicola Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Dose Calculations ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

This chapter covers patient-specific issues related to children, older people, injecting drug users, and surgical patients. For children, drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and dose calculations are reviewed. The specific concerns around adherence and also medicines licensing in children are covered. For older people, the topics include pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetics, and medication review. Guidance is given on managing injecting drug users, especially in an in-patient setting, including a suggested regimen for titration of methadone to avoid opioid withdrawal. For surgical patients, the topics covered include management of regular medicines during the nil-by-mouth period, drug interactions with perioperative drugs, and a brief description of the impact of selected drugs in the perioperative period.

scholarly journals Adverse Oral Reactions Associated with Low Doses of Methotrexate

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
N. V. Izmozherova ◽  
A. A. Popov ◽  
E. F. Gaysina ◽  
M. N. Dobrinskaya ◽  
V. M. Bakhtin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Drug Withdrawal ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Lichenoid Reactions ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

Doctors of various medical specialties often encounter adverse drug reactions in their clinical practice. Methotrexate (MTX) can cause adverse reactions in the oral cavity, primarily erosions and ulcerations. The aim of the study was to analyse scientific literature on the prevalence, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors for oral lesions associated with low doses of MTX, their prevention and treatment. It was demonstrated that the most frequent oral adverse reactions associated with low doses of MTX are hard-to-heal painful necrotic and often irregularly shaped lesions of the oral mucosa (including aphthae and ulcers). The spectrum of histopathological changes ranges from nonspecific ulcerations to lichenoid reactions. Treatment of oral lesions induced by low doses of MTX consists in drug withdrawal or dose tapering. Folic acid and local symptomatic therapy can also be used, if necessary. Practitioners should be aware of the potential development of MTX-induced oral lesions, and specific aspects of the drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in order to be able to ensure timely detection of adverse reactions and their effective treatment.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome and Response to Cardiovascular Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sony Tuteja ◽  
Jane F. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Metabolism Of Xenobiotics

The gut microbiome is emerging as an important contributor to both cardiovascular disease risk and metabolism of xenobiotics. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota are associated with atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and heart failure. The microbiota have the ability to metabolize medications, which can results in altered drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics or formation of toxic metabolites which can interfere with drug response. Early evidence suggests that the gut microbiome modulates response to statins and antihypertensive medications. In this review, we will highlight mechanisms by which the gut microbiome facilitates the biotransformation of drugs and impacts pharmacological efficacy. A better understanding of the complex interactions of the gut microbiome, host factors, and response to medications will be important for the development of novel precision therapeutics for targeting CVD.

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of Carbamazepine and Valproate: Focus on Polymorphisms of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Teresa Iannaccone ◽  
Carmine Sellitto ◽  
Valentina Manzo ◽  
Francesca Colucci ◽  
Valentina Giudice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Drug Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacogenomics can identify polymorphisms in genes involved in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics determining differences in efficacy and safety and causing inter-individual variability in drug response. Therefore, pharmacogenomics can help clinicians in optimizing therapy based on patient’s genotype, also in psychiatric and neurological settings. However, pharmacogenetic screenings for psychotropic drugs are not routinely employed in diagnosis and monitoring of patients treated with mood stabilizers, such as carbamazepine and valproate, because their benefit in clinical practice is still controversial. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on pharmacogenetic biomarkers of these anticonvulsant drugs.

scholarly journals Bovine serum albumin interactions with metal complexes

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Topală ◽  
Andreea Bodoki ◽  
Luminiţa Oprean ◽  
Radu Oprean
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

The continuous search for new molecules with therapeutic abilities has led to the synthesis and characterization of a large number of metal complexes, proven to exhibit potential as pharmacological agents through their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antineoplastic properties. As serum albumins play a key role in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the study of coordination compounds affinity towards this class of proteins, as well as understanding the mechanism through which they interact is crucial. The aim of this review is to focus on the structure and biological functions of bovine serum albumin, the design of metal complexes that are able to bind to the biomolecule, as well as the experimental techniques employed in the study and evaluation of these interactions. Keywords: drug-protein interaction, coordination complex, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.

The use of population modeling to optimize dosing of drugs used in anaesthesiology and intensive care

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Borsuk-De Moor ◽  
Paweł Wiczling
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Population Modeling ◽  
Population Models ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

Effective pharmacotherapy requires an adequate drug dose that maximizes the effectiveness of therapy while minimizing adverse effects. Difficulties in dose selection arise from interindividual differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Population modeling describes pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in a population, taking into account the relationships in each patient, differences between patients, and the influence of covariates on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The aim of this study was to develop population models for drugs used in anesthesiology and intensive care in special patient populations. The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil was described in infants and children after epidural and intravenous administration. The estimated absorption rate constant from the epidural space suggests slow systemic absorption of sufentanil and the possibility of flip-flop kinetics, which results in a slower decline in plasma concentrations at the end of drug administration compared with intravenous administration. The dependence of metabolic clearance on body weight and age was also demonstrated. A population model for the pharmacokinetics of tigecycline was developed for patients with sepsis or septic shock. No relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics was detected, and the estimated interindividual and inter-occasion variability for clearance was small. This suggests that a universal dose is sufficient to achieve homogeneous drug exposure in critically ill patients. The pharmacokinetics of caspofungin was described in critically ill patients. The clearance and volume of central compartment showed systematic increase over time that was not explained by the covariates. The estimated increase in clearance values for three consecutive doses results in a clinically relevant reduction in drug exposure. The developed population models extend the knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of sufentanyl, tigecycline, and caspofungin. Simulations based on these models can aid the dosing decision-making process.

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