Unlike autosomal tumor suppressors, which must be inactivated by a two-hit Knudson mechanism, X-linked tumor suppressors can be inactivated by a single hit due to X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). Here, we argue that targeted reactivation of the non-mutated allele from XCI offers a potential therapy for female breast cancers. Towards this goal, we developed a dual CRISPR interference and activation (CRISPRi/a) approach for simultaneously silencing and reactivating multiple X-linked genes using two orthogonal, nuclease-deficient CRISPR/Cas9 (dCas9) proteins. We verified the efficacy for use of Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) dCas9-KRAB for silencing XIST and Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) dCas9-VPR for activating FOXP3 in various cell lines of human female breast cancers. We confirmed CRISPR reactivation of the non-mutated copy of FOXP3 from XCI in human breast cancer CRL2316 cells, which express a synonymous heterozygous mutation (p.L266L; c.798G>C) in the coding region of FOXP3. Further, simultaneous silencing of XIST from XCI led to enhanced and prolonged FOXP3 reactivation. We optimized CRISPRa by fusing SadCas9 to the demethylase TET1 and observed enhanced FOXP3 activation. Analysis of the conserved CpG-rich region of FOXP3 intron 1 confirmed that CRISPRi/a-mediated simultaneous FOXP3 activation and XIST silencing were accompanied by elevated H4 acetylation, including H4K5ac, H4K8ac, and H4K16ac, and lower DNA methylation and H3K9me3. This indicates that CRISPRi/a targeting to XIST and FOXP3 loci alters their transcription and their nearby epigenetic modifications. The simultaneous activation and repression of the X-linked, endogenous FOXP3 and XIST from XCI offers a useful research tool and a potential therapeutic for female breast cancers. This approach also provides new routes of targeted therapy for other X-chromosome-linked genetic disorders.
X chromosome inactivation pattern in female patients with breast cancer
