scholarly journals Growth and Protein Content of Apple in Response to Root and Shoot Temperature following Chilling

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1583-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Eric Young
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Lower Protein

Bare-root Malus × domestica Borkh. seedlings were chilled for 0, 600, 1200, or 1800 hours at 5C (CH). Seedlings were then placed with roots and/or shoots in all combinations of 5 and 20C forcing conditions (FC) for up to 21 days. Virtually no growth occurred at 5C FC. When the whole plant was forced at 20C, all measures of root and shoot growth increased in magnitude, occurred earlier and at a faster rate with increasing CH. Thus, roots and shoots responded similarly to chilling. When shoots or roots were subjected to 20C FC, while the other portion of the plant was at 5C, the responses were reduced in magnitude and delayed. However, the overall growth enhancement by chilling was not negated. Root and shoot growth enhancement by chilling appeared to be increased if the other portion of the plant was actively growing also, but not dependent on it. Growth of adventitious shoots on roots (root suckers) was greatly enhanced with increasing CH on plants subjected to 5C shoot and 20C root FC. While total root and shoot bark protein levels on a per-seedling basis were similar, protein concentrations were lower in root bark than in shoot bark. During chilling, total protein per seedling generally increased until just before the time that chilling requirements for vegetative budbreak were satisfied. Protein degradation then began, resulting in lower protein levels through 2300 CH. Rapid protein breakdown (1200 to 1800 CH, roots; 1000 to 1800 CH, shoots) occurred at about the same time that root (1000 to 1800 CH) and shoot (800 to 1800 CH) growth responses to chilling were increasing. Warm FC resulted in increased protein breakdown with increased CH and forcing time.

scholarly journals Species and Their Relationships with Air and Soil Temperatures

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
The Other ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Royal palms [Roystonea regia (HBK.) O.F. Cook], coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L. `Malayan Dwarf'), queen palms [Syagrus romanzoffiana (Chamisso) Glassman], and pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien) were grown in a rhizotron to determine the patterns of root and shoot growth over a 2-year period. Roots and shoots of all four species of palms grew throughout the year, but both root and shoot growth rates were positively correlated with air and soil temperature for all but the pygmy date palms. Growth of primary roots in all four species was finite for these juvenile palms and lasted for only 5 weeks in royal palms, but ≈7 weeks in the other three species. Elongation of secondary roots lasted for only 9 weeks for coconut palms and less than half of that time for the other three species. Primary root growth rate varied from 16 mm·week-1 for coconut and pygmy date palms to 31 mm·week-1 for royal palms, while secondary root growth rates were close to 10 mm·week-1 for all species. About 25% of the total number of primary roots in these palms grew in contact with the rhizotron window, allowing the prediction of the total root number and length from the sample of roots visible in the rhizotron. Results indicated that there is no obvious season when palms should not be transplanted in southern Florida because of root inactivity.

scholarly journals Differential Growth Responses of Apple Species to Chilling and Root Pruning

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Eric Young
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Root Types

Malus dometica Borkh., M. anis, M. prunifolia Borkh., M. × robusta Rehd., M. antonovka, M. borwinkw, and M. ranetka bare-root seedlings were chilled at 5C for 0, 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 hours. After chilling treatments, one-half of the seedlings were root-pruned and all seedlings were placed in a greenhouse for 15 days. Quantitative differences between species in the timing and magnitude of new root and shoot growth responses to chilling were observed. Root pruning decreased and delayed the production of roots <0.6 mm in diameter in response to chilling, while the production of larger roots was less affected. Regeneration of both root types differed among species. For new large (≥ 0.6 mm in diameter) root growth criteria, interactions between chilling hours and species were apparent. Chilling requirements and growing degree hour requirements for vegetative budbreak of each species were estimated.

Effect of BAS-145–138 on the phytotoxicity of imazaquin and metsulfuron-methyl

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Alain Seguin ◽  
Henri Milhomme ◽  
Norbert M. Satchivi
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Corn Root ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Herbicide Safener ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Low Levels

The influence of the experimental herbicide safener BAS-145–138 on the toxicity of imazaquin and metsulfuron-methyl was investigated in two corn varieties in growth chamber bioassays. BAS-145–138 alone slightly decreased root and shoot growth but this decrease was not dependent on the safener concentration. The imbibition of seeds of both corn varieties with low levels of safener caused substantially less damage in the roots and shoots especially with the highest metsulfuron-methyl doses used in the study. In one variety, the safener significantly increased corn root tolerance to imazaquin and to metsulfuron-methyl 1.5- and 2.3-fold, respectively; the concentrations of both herbicides producing 50% inhibition were higher for safened seedlings. In the other variety, a high antidotal influence of BAS-145–138 imbibition on metsulfuron-methyl was observed in shoot growth.

Root and Shoot Growth Responses to Salinity in Maize and Soybean

1995 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shalhevet ◽  
Morris G. Huck ◽  
Bryan P. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Patterns in Four Palm Species and Their Relationships with Air and Soil Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Royal palms [Roystonea regia (HBK.) O.F. Cook], coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L. `Malayan Dwarf'), queen palms [Syagrus romanzoffiana (Chamisso) Glassman], and pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien) were grown in a rhizotron to determine the patterns of root and shoot growth over a 2-year period. Roots and shoots of all four species of palms grew throughout the year, but both root and shoot growth rates were positively correlated with air and soil temperature for all but the pygmy date palms. Growth of primary roots in all four species was finite for these juvenile palms and lasted for only 5 weeks in royal palms, but ≈7 weeks in the other three species. Elongation of secondary roots lasted for only 9 weeks for coconut palms and less than half of that time for the other three species. Primary root growth rate varied from 16 mm·week-1 for coconut and pygmy date palms to 31 mm·week-1 for royal palms, while secondary root growth rates were close to 10 mm·week-1 for all species. About 25% of the total number of primary roots in these palms grew in contact with the rhizotron window, allowing the prediction of the total root number and length from the sample of roots visible in the rhizotron. Results indicated that there is no obvious season when palms should not be transplanted in southern Florida because of root inactivity.

scholarly journals 356 ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH PERIODICITY OF GREEN ASH, SCARLET OAK, TURKISH HAZELNUT AND TREE LILAC

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 482a-482
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Extension Method ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

Root and shoot growth periodicity were determined for Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh.,Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazehut) and Syriaga reticulara (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees. Two methods for determining root growth periodicity using a rhizotron were evaluated. One method measured the extension rate of individual roots, and the second method measured change in root length density. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons, was also evaluated. The root extension method showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. Species with similar shoot phenologies had similar root phenologies when root growth was measured by the root extension method, but not when root growth was measured by the other methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured with the root extension method. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by the other methods.

STUDIES ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA OF CITRUS TREES: I. QUANTITATIVE INCIDENCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN RELATION TO ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rangaswami ◽  
V. N. Vasantharajan
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Citrus Species ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Rhizosphere Microflora ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Rhizosphere Population ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Citrus Variety

For the purpose of examining the correlations, if any, between the root and shoot growths of three Citrus species and their rhizosphere microflora, studies were made with 6-year-old plants in the Annamalai University Experimental Orchard. The rhizosphere population was analyzed quantitatively. Bacteria were about 40 to 90 times, actinomycetes 2 to 6 times, and fungi 3 to 6 times more abundant in the rhizosphere than in the soil, in rhizosphere populations there was no significant difference between the three Citrus species. Comparisons of populations on the growing and non-growing roots of the three Citrus species revealed that the growing roots harbored 2 to 3 times more bacteria and actinomycetes than the non-growing roots. There was only slight increase in the fungal population in the rhizosphere of the citrus variety Pummelo but not in the other two varieties.

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