scholarly journals The Effects of Surfactants, Nozzle Types, Spray Volumes, and Simulated Rain on 1-Methylcyclopropene Efficacy on Tomato Plants

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1600-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. MacKinnon ◽  
Dale Shaner ◽  
Scott Nissen ◽  
Phil Westra
Keyword(s):  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Nozzle Type

A study was conducted with a wettable powder formulation of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to determine the effects of surfactants, spray volume, nozzle type, and rain fastness on the efficacy of 1-MCP to protect tomato plants from the epinastic effects of ethephon. 1-MCP at 25 and 50 g·ha−1 protected tomato plants from 250 and 500 g·ha−1 of ethephon. Of the three best surfactants tested, two (Dyne-Amic and Silwet L-77) contained silicone and one (Herbimax) an emulsified petroleum oil. The efficacy of 1-MCP increased with an increase in spray volume from 150 L·ha−1 to 400 L·ha−1, suggesting that an increase in leaf coverage leads to greater protection and that the translocation of 1-MCP is limited within tomato plants. There was no significant effect of spray nozzle type on 1-MCP activity. 1-MCP appeared to be rainfast within 15 min after application.

scholarly journals Carrier Volume and Nozzle Effect on 2,4-D and Glufosinate Performances in Hazelnut Sucker Control

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1848-1852
Author(s):  
Larissa Larocca de Souza ◽  
Marcelo L. Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Drift Field ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) basal sprouts, or suckers, are removed to train trees as a single trunk, facilitating mechanization. Suckers are routinely controlled with herbicides, often by using nozzles that generate fine droplets and spray volumes as high as 934 L·ha−1, making spray drift a concern. Spray nozzle type and carrier volume can impact herbicide efficacy and drift. Field studies compared the efficacy of 2,4-D and glufosinate in controlling suckers when applied with a flat-fan nozzle, producing fine droplets, to a TeeJet air-induction nozzle, producing ultra-coarse droplets. These nozzles were evaluated at 187 and 374 L·ha−1. Nozzle and carrier volume did not affect the efficacy of 2,4-D based on control, sucker height, or dry weight. The efficacy of glufosinate was unaffected by nozzle type or spray volume in most evaluations. These results indicate that hazelnut suckers can be effectively controlled using drift-reduction nozzles with lower carrier volumes (187 L·ha−1). Drift-reduction nozzles, coupled with lower spray volume, can maintain herbicide efficacy, minimize drift risk, and reduce cost.

Imazethapyr Efficacy with Adjuvants and Environments

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Jerzy Palczynski ◽  
Frank A. Manthey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Adjuvant effectiveness with imazethapyr for kochia control was generally methylated seed oil ≥ nonionic surfactant ≥ petroleum oil in the greenhouse experiments, and methylated seed oil ≥ petroleum oil nonionic surfactant in the field. Oil adjuvants were applied at 2.3 L ha-1and nonionic surfactants were applied at 0.25% (v/v) of spray volume. None of the adjuvants overcame imazethapyr reduced phytotoxicity caused by simulated rain soon after treatment, posttreatment cold (10 C), low soil moisture, or low soil nitrogen. However, kochia fresh weight reductions usually were the greatest when imazethapyr was applied with methylated seed oil, except in the case when soil had 80 ppm or less soil nitrogen. Kochia control with imazethapyr was enhanced the most by methylated seed oil followed by nonionic surfactant and petroleum oil regardless of relative humidity. High compared to low relative humidity tended to increase control for imazethapyr alone or with nonionic surfactant and decrease control for imazethapyr with oils. Kochia fresh weight reduction following imazethapyr treatment was greatest at 20 C, intermediate at 30 C and least at 10 C posttreatment when used with any of the adjuvants.

Infrared Spectrophotometric Method for Analysis of Guthion Insecticide: Collaborative Study

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1221
Author(s):  
Charles J Cohen ◽  
◽  
J B Audino ◽  
M Byrne ◽  
G S Grimes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Absorbance Measurement ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Liquid Concentrate

Abstract A collaborative study on the assay of Guthion (azinphos methyl) has been conducted by 10 laboratories. Data were obtained on a 2 Ib/gal. liquid concentrate and a 50% wettable powder formulation. The procedure specifies extraction and/or dilution followed by infrared absorbance measurement at 654 cm-1. The method has been adopted as official first action.

Control of Aster (Aster subspicatus) and Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) in Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) with Napropamide

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-371
Author(s):  
Azmi Y. Shawa
Keyword(s):  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Late Application ◽  
Earlier Application

Napropamide [2-(a-naphthoxy)N,N-diethylpropionamide] applied to cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponAit.) as a granular or wettable powder formulation at 20 kg/ha in March 1978 controlled aster (Aster subspicatusNees) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.) without any phytotoxicity to ‘McFarlin’ cranberry vines. Earlier application in February was ineffective, and late application in April injured the vines. Napropamide 10% granular applied at 14 kg/ha in March 1979 controlled aster 90% and birdsfoot trefoil 70%, and the 50% wettable powder formulation controlled aster 90% and birdsfoot trefoil 80%. Applications of granular napropamide at 12 kg/ha in March of 1979 or 1980 controlled both weeds 70%.

scholarly journals Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1995C

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-340
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Jackson County ◽  
Mole Cricket ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Knapsack Sprayer ◽  
Mole Crickets ◽  
Spray Volume

Abstract This experiment was conducted on fairways 10, 12, 13, 15 and 18 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 24 Oct. Granular formulations were applied with a Scotts ProTurf, hand-pushed spreader. Liquid and wettable powder formulations were applied with a Solo Knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Rainfall from 24 Oct to 11 Nov was a total of 16.41 inches during this study. All plots received 0.33 inch water within 1 hour after applications. Mole cricket damage was rated using a 1 m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground at 10 locations/replicate. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 24 Oct and post-treatmem counts were made on 31 Oct and 6, 13 and 20 Nov.

Reducing losses of surface-sown seed due to harvesting ants

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
New South ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Oil Formulation ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Ant Nest ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Four experiments were carried out at Orange, New South Wales, in 1978 to test the effect of coating seeds with insecticides on their removal by seed harvesting ants (Pheidole sp.). Treated or untreated seeds of Phalaris aquatica were placed 10 cm from the entrance to an ant nest and the number of seeds taken by ants noted daily. Further experiments tested the effect of coating seeds with insecticides on the germination of P. aquatica and Medicago sativa and on the viability of rhizobia applied to the seed. Permethrin, at 1.50 and 2.25 g a.i. kg-1 seed and bendiocarb at 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25 g a.i. kg-1 seed significantly reduced the rate of removal of seed by ants when compared with the rate of removal of untreated seed. Ants removed untreated seed at > 150 seedsinest day-1 while treated seed was removed at an average of 5 seedslnest day-1 over a 14 day period. The wettable powder formulation of permethrin was as effective as the miscible oil formulation. The activity of ants from nests that took treated seed was reduced by the higher rates of bendiocarb, but not affected by permethrin and the low rate of bendiocarb when compared with the activity of ants from nests that took untreated seed. The miscible oil formulation of permethrin reduced the rate of germination of P. aquatica, but the wettable powder formulation of both permethrin and bendiocarb had no deleterious effect on germination. Neither permethrin nor bendiocarb had deleterious effects on the survival of Rhizobium meliloti or R. trifolii.

Dodder Control in Alfalfa by Dichlobenil

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Wettable Powder

The herbicide, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), applied to the soil surface at 2 lb/A controlled dodder (Cuscutaspp.) and other weeds for 4 to 6 weeks in the field, and did not injure established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) significantly. Soil incorporation increased the herbicidal effect of dichlobenil on alfalfa and dodder, but alfalfa injury was increased more than dodder control. Dichlobenil was effective when applied just before sprinkler irrigation, or on moist soil after irrigating. In the greenhouse, dichlobenil vapors moved from a wettable powder formulation mixed with moist soil or from granules on the surface of moist soil, and killed dodder in adjacent untreated soil.

Field Trials of Larvicides against Culicoides with a Discussion on the Relationship Between Rainfall and Larval Control

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Kettle ◽  
R. H. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Larval Control ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Residual Control ◽  
Effective Distribution

SummaryFurther observations and trials were conducted with insecticides against larvae of Culicoides impunctatus Goetgh. on Soutra Hill, Midlothian. The analysis of the data was complicated by a large natural reduction (76%) which occurred in the untreated plots. Nevertheless, it appears that the following dosages of insecticidal preparation were still active two years after application:—(a) 50 and 200 mg. p,p′DDT/sq. ft. applied as a dust, wettable powder or water-miscible concentrate (99% control), (b) 50 and 200 mg. γ BHC/sq. ft. as a wettable powder or 200 mg. γ BHC/sq. ft. as a water-miscible concentrate (95% control), (c) dieldrin at 25 mg./sq. ft., which gave 97 per cent, control and (d) chlordane at 50 mg./sq. ft., which gave 84 per cent. control.The effect of spray volume on insecticidal effect was investigated by applying 25 mg. and 50 mg. p,p′DDT/sq. ft. in the following spray volumes:—5, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 80 gals./acre. The effect of 50 mg./sq. ft. at each volume was less marked than in the previous work, when only one concentration was used. Weather conditions in the present season were unusual, but there were indications that moderate spray volumes (15 and 25 gals./acre) give the best results at this dosage of insecticide. The combined results for 50 mg./sq. ft. at all volumes gave only 43 per cent, residual control, while those for the lower dosage showed no residual control.The results are discussed with reference to the effect of rainfall on residual control. It is concluded that the volume of spray applied is unimportant provided the droplets of insecticide are closely and evenly distributed on the mossy vegetation that overlies the peat. Subsequent prolonged rain, of the order of 20 inches, is required to attain the most effective distribution of the insecticide, which is at the surface of the peat, where the eggs are laid and the newly hatched larvae will come in contact with the poison.

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