Evaluation of Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl Herbicides for Control on Common Weeds in Transplanted Rice

The research to test the effectiveness of the herbicide Florpyrauxifen-Benzylin in controlling weeds in rice was carried out in Sragen, Central Java. March to August 2021. The herbicides tested are: T1) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 400 ml/ha, T2) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 600 ml/ha, T3) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 800 ml/ha, T4) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 1000ml/ha, T5) Aryloxyphenoxy propionate 800 ml/ha, T6) Penoxsulam 800 ml/ha, T7) Natrium Byspiribac 300 ml/ha T8) Metsulfuron Methyl, T9) Hand Weeding and T10) Untreated. The herbicides were applied with the help of a knapsack sprayer by using a T-jet nozzle. The calibration of the knapsack sprayer was done by spraying on a non-experimental area. The volume of water used for spray was 300 L per ha. The results showed that the application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in various doses did not show toxicity to rice plants. application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl starting at a dose of 600 ml/ha had the same effectiveness in controlling weeds as companion herbicides. At the end of the study, E. crus-galli and L. chinensis still seemed to dominate all plots in all herbicide applications.

Evaluation of Alternative Pre-emergence Herbicides to Atrazine for Weed Control on Maize (Zea maysL.) plot in Ogbomoso, Southwest Nigeria

Field experiments were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the LadokeAkintola University of Technology, (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso to evaluate the effectiveness and determine the optimum rate of applying alternative herbicides to atrazine on maize plots in view of the current criticism against the herbicide. Five herbicides, namely; 3-maize force, Xtra force, Pre-maize Guard force (solution and pellet) at two rates (100% and 50% recommended rates) were compared with atrazine at full dose and 3 hoe-weeding in a Randomized complete Block Experiment with 3 replications. Maize, Variety OBA Super, maturing in 75 days, was planted at two plants per stand at a spacing of 75 x 50cm in two-year trials and maintained following the standard procedures. The herbicides were applied using a knapsack sprayer calibrated to deliver at 200liters/ha. Results showed that there were no significant differences (p=0.05) among the treatment and between the treatments and control with respect to seed germination, plant survival and other growth parameters. The highest grain yield (6757.3kg/ha) obtained with atrazine was not significantly different from those of other treatments and control. The effectiveness of the herbicides, measured using weed density and biomass, showed comparable effectiveness across the herbicides and atrazine. Furthermore, at a dosage of 50%, the herbicide’s effectiveness was highly comparable to those of atrazine at 100%. The implications of these findings were discussed.

Comparative hygienic assessment of working conditions and potential risks for workers' health when applying pesticides in different technics

In the structure of regional and planetary pollutants, pesticides are in the top ten, and among food contaminants along with heavy metals – they occupy first place in the world. It is known that pesticides and agrochemicals, which belong to the group of biologically active compounds, are one of the important factors affecting the human body. The aim: comparative hygienic assessment of working conditions and occupational risk when using pesticides by different methods of application (knapsack, rod, ventilator, unmanned and aviation) on the example of the fungicide Amistar Extra 280 SC. Materials and methods. Field studies were conducted in 2018–2021. When applying the formulation knapsack sprayer SOLO-10, trailed boom sprayer AMAZON 1201 UF combined with a tractor MTZ 82.1 Belarus, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for spraying fields Agras T16, AN-2 aircraft combined with OZh-2 were used. Results. As a result of field researches of working conditions of employees during the performance of production operations on the pesticides application, it was found that in the air treatment areas and in areas of possible drift the levels of studied active ingredients were below the limit of quantification of the method. The difference between azoxystrobin (0,04±0,003) and cyproconazole (12,4±0,5) for the tank refueler and the UAV external pilot in the field studies is significant according to Student's criterion (p >0,05). For the operator who applied the pesticide with a knapsack sprayer, the values of inhalation risks were significantly higher than for the tankers of the sprayer tank at p >0,05. The values of the combined risk when using a fan sprayer (0,46±0,02) significantly exceeded the data obtained when using a rod sprayer (0,14±0,006) Conclusions. Analysis of the obtained results showed that the values of the combined risk are significantly higher for the operator / tractor driver, signalman than for their refuelers (at p <0,05). The values of the combined risk of the external pilot were significantly lower than those of the tanker when using a pesticide using a UAV.

Estimation of residue degradation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower under supervised field trial

A study was carried out to detect and estimate the residue of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower using Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) and Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). Three supervised field trials were conducted and sprayed with the recommended dose of cypermethrin (1 ml/L of water) and chlorpyrifos (3 ml/L of water) in three vegetables by knapsack sprayer. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 days after spray (DAS). The quantity of cypermethrin residue was above EU-MRLs (Maximum Residue Limit set by European Union) up to 4 DAS with 0.538 mg/kg in cauliflower; 3 DAS with 0.508 mg/kg in brinjal and 0.695 mg/kg in tomato. The quantity decreased down 0.328-0.019 mg/kg in cauliflower (4-9 DAS); 0.098-0.012 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in brinjal and 0.458-0.022 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in tomato which were below EU-MRLs (0.5 mg/kg). The quantity of chlorpyrifos residue was above EU-MRLs up to 9 DAS with 0.012 mg/kg in cauliflower but in brinjal and tomato, the detected quantities were above EU-MRLs up to 7 DAS with 0.029 mg/kg and 0.017 mg/kg residue. No residue was detected from brinjal and tomato samples collected at 8 DAS. But in cauliflower, no residue was detected at 10 days after spray. So, brinjal, tomato and cauliflower can be harvested safely at 4 DAS and 5 DAS for cypermethrin and in case of chlorpyrifos it was 8 DAS in brinjal and tomato and 10 DAS in cauliflower. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 60-67

ADOPTION OF SELECTED DRUDGERY REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO AGRICULTURE BY THE FARM WOMEN

The present study was conducted in Gonda district of Uttar Prades. The purpose of the study was to know the adoption of selected drudgery reduction technologies related to agriculture by the farm women. The 100 farm women were randomly selected for technological empowerment through training from two purposively selected panchayat samities. Personal interview technique was used for collecting data. The findings of the study reveal that manual bund former, serrated sickle and maize sheller were the main technologies used by majority of the respondents as indicated by higher adoption index (60%). This may be due to reason that the technologies were easy to use and handle, cheap in cost, require less effort while operation as compared to traditional methods. Wheel hoe, manual seed drill and knapsack sprayer were the other technologies adopted by more than half of the respondents with adoption index 47.5- 50 per cent followed by manual rice transplanter and ground nut decorticator with adoption index 35-43 percent.

PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN NOZZLE POLIJET DAN FLAT FAN PADA KALIBRASI PENYEMPROTAN KNAPSACK SPRAYER

Kegiatan penyemprotan umumnya menggunakan alat semprot knapsack sprayer yang memiliki nozzle untuk mengubah larutan menjadi butiran semprot. Pemilihan nozzle harus tepat agar butiran semprot yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan target penyemprotan. Nozzle polijet dan flat fan adalah dua nozzle yang umumnya digunakan oleh masyarakat. Kalibrasi kedua nozzle tersebut dibutuhkan agar mengetahui kualitas dan kuantitas volume semprot yang dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan lebar semprotan, volume semprot dan mendapatkan rekomendasi nozzle yang tepat berdasarkan hasil kalibrasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai bulan Januari 2021sampai Maret 2021 di areal percobaan Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan, Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) non faktorial yang terdiri dari dua perlakuan yaitu : P1 (polijet) dan P2 (flat fan). Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5 kali, sehingga terdapat 10 kali percobaan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Uji T pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nozzle polijet menghasilkan lebar semprot, flowrate, konsentrasi dan kebutuhan bahan per tangki yang lebih kecil dibandingkan flat fan, namun menghasilkan volume semprot yang lebih besar. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan kalibrasi, nozzle polijet lebih direkomendasikan karena membutuhkan bahan (herbisida) yang lebih sedikit sehingga aman bagi lingkungan dan menghemat biaya.

Design and Implementation of an Agricultural UAV With Optimized Spraying Mechanism

Agricultural UAVs are growing and developing rapidly throughout the whole world due to its extensive advantages. Agricultural drones are transforming on the way farming is being carried out. They are very suitable and agile for working in a large area of land and rough terrains with high efficiency. Agriculture drones are much bigger in size where they will have a larger and wider spraying span. They can increase and improve the efficiency of spraying more area of land in a shorter duration compared to a knapsack sprayer. The entire research design is based on quantitative research, which was conducted through simulation using SolidWorks, MATLAB and Ansys Fluent. SolidWorks was used for planning, modelling and visual ideation of the agricultural drone. Each of the individual components of the agricultural drone was measured, sketched and designed. MATLAB was used to simulate the agricultural drone to fly in a specific pattern to water a certain area. Velocity, acceleration, position and flight pathway graphs were plotted. These data were collected to observe how evenly the entire area being sprayed is fully covered. Ansys Fluent was used to display the velocity that the fluid will be flowing inside the nozzle and spraying it out.