scholarly journals Carrier Volume and Nozzle Effect on 2,4-D and Glufosinate Performances in Hazelnut Sucker Control

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1848-1852
Author(s):  
Larissa Larocca de Souza ◽  
Marcelo L. Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Drift Field ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) basal sprouts, or suckers, are removed to train trees as a single trunk, facilitating mechanization. Suckers are routinely controlled with herbicides, often by using nozzles that generate fine droplets and spray volumes as high as 934 L·ha−1, making spray drift a concern. Spray nozzle type and carrier volume can impact herbicide efficacy and drift. Field studies compared the efficacy of 2,4-D and glufosinate in controlling suckers when applied with a flat-fan nozzle, producing fine droplets, to a TeeJet air-induction nozzle, producing ultra-coarse droplets. These nozzles were evaluated at 187 and 374 L·ha−1. Nozzle and carrier volume did not affect the efficacy of 2,4-D based on control, sucker height, or dry weight. The efficacy of glufosinate was unaffected by nozzle type or spray volume in most evaluations. These results indicate that hazelnut suckers can be effectively controlled using drift-reduction nozzles with lower carrier volumes (187 L·ha−1). Drift-reduction nozzles, coupled with lower spray volume, can maintain herbicide efficacy, minimize drift risk, and reduce cost.

scholarly journals Spray Coverage and Biological Efficacy of Single, Twin Symmetrical, and Twin Asymmetrical Flat Fan Nozzles

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Akbar Aliverdi ◽  
Masoud Borghei
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Biological Efficacy ◽  
Nozzle Size ◽  
Moisture Sensitive ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle

Abstract Proper selection of nozzle type and spray volume is essential to optimize herbicide dose, reducing its adverse environmental effects. It has not been sufficiently evaluated which nozzle type (twin symmetrical flat fan nozzle or the twin asymmetrical one) is more efficient and whether pinoxaden application is more efficient at a low or high spray volume. The spray coverage of a single, twin symmetrical, and twin asymmetrical flat fan nozzles, each in the sizes of 110015, 11002, 110025, 11003, 11004, and 11005 on the moisture-sensitive papers (MSPs) was investigated. The biological efficacy of treatments using pinoxaden against wild oat was investigated. Unlike other nozzle types, the single flat fan nozzle could not cover MSP placed vertically behind the nozzle trajectory. Except for the latter, each nozzle type could cover the MSPs more efficiently with increase in nozzle size. Generally, the nozzles’ performance was twin symmetrical > single = twin asymmetrical flat fan nozzles. A larger nozzle size improved the coverage of MSPs but increased the effective dose (ED50; dose that gives a 50% reduction in dry weight), indicating a decrease in the efficacy of pinoxaden. Among all treatments, the lowest ED50 value was obtained by the twin symmetrical flat fan nozzle 110015 (5.2 g a.i. ha−1). The smaller, more concentrated droplets are required to achieve optimal pinoxaden efficacy against wild oat, which can be provided by a twin symmetrical flat fan nozzle with a smaller size.

Glyphosate Spray Drift Management with Drift-Reducing Nozzles and Adjuvants

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Johnson ◽  
Fred W. Roeth ◽  
Alex R. Martin ◽  
Robert N. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Droplet Volume ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle ◽  
Drift Control

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of five spray-nozzle types and three drift-control adjuvants (DCA) on glyphosate spray drift. The extended-range (XR) flat-fan nozzle at 280 kPa was used as the standard comparison. DCAs were evaluated for drift reduction with the use of the XR and air-induction (AI) nozzles. Wind speed ranged from 1.3 to 9.4 m/s (3 to 21 mph). Lethal drift (DL) and injury drift (DI) were determined by downwind visual observation of grain sorghum response. Drift distances were measured from the spray swath edge. The Turbo FloodJet and AI nozzles reduced DLdistance by 34%. All four drift-reducing (DR) nozzles reduced DIdistance by 22 to 32%. Reducing the pressure of the XR flat-fan nozzle from 280 to 140 kPa did not reduce DLor DIdistance. When applied through AI nozzles, each DCA increased droplet volume diameter, one DCA reduced DIdistance and none reduced DLdistance when applied through XR tips. The DCAs did not affect DLor DIdistance.

Response of Processing Tomato to Simulated Glyphosate Drift Followed by In-Crop Metribuzin Application

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. McNaughton ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Darren E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Drift Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Cumulative Stress ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Synergistic Response ◽  
Glyphosate Drift

Eight field studies were conducted over a 3-yr period from 2008 to 2010 in Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada, to determine the cumulative stress caused by simulated glyphosate spray drift followed by an in-crop application of metribuzin in processing tomato. As the simulated glyphosate spray drift rate increased so did the degree of injury to the tomatoes. At a simulated spray drift rate of 22.5 g ae ha−1(2.5% of the recommended glyphosate field rate), a 23% decrease in red tomato yield was observed. Yield reductions increased to 88% of the control when 180 g ae ha−1glyphosate (20% of the recommended field rate) was applied. Similarly when simulated spray drift rates were followed 3 to 5 d later with an in-crop application of metribuzin at 250 g ai ha−1, tomato yields decreased by 22 to 85% depending on glyphosate rate applied. A transient synergistic interaction was observed only when 22.5 g ae ha−1glyphosate was followed by metribuzin. The synergistic response was no longer evident by the 28-d injury rating. Herbicide interactions were additive for crop injury, dry weight, fruit counts, and yield when glyphosate spray drift rates of 45, 90, or 180 g ae ha−1were followed by metribuzin.

Impact of Drift Rates of Imazethapyr and Low Carrier Volume on Non-Clearfield Rice

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin B. Hensley ◽  
Eric P. Webster ◽  
David C. Blouin ◽  
Dustin L. Harrell ◽  
Jason A. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Clearfield Rice ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
The One ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
Herbicide Drift ◽  
Crop Maturity

Field studies were conducted near Crowley, LA, in 2005 through 2007 to evaluate the effects of simulated herbicide drift on ‘Cocodrie’ rice. Each application was made with the spray volume varying proportionally to herbicide dosage based on a constant spray volume of 234 L ha−1and an imazethapyr rate of 70 g ai ha−1. The 6.3%, 4.4 g ha−1, herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 15 L ha−1and the 12.5%, 8.7 g ha−1, herbicide rate was applied at a spray volume of 29 L ha−1. An application of imazethapyr at one-tiller, panicle differentiation (PD), and boot resulted in increased crop injury compared with the nontreated rice. The most injury observed occurred on rice treated at the one-tiller timing. Imazethapyr at one-tiller, PD, and boot reduced plant height at harvest and primary and total (primary plus ratoon) crop yield, with the greatest reduction in primary crop yield resulting from imazethapyr applied at boot. Imazethapyr did not affect rice treated at primary crop maturity.

scholarly journals The Effects of Surfactants, Nozzle Types, Spray Volumes, and Simulated Rain on 1-Methylcyclopropene Efficacy on Tomato Plants

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1600-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. MacKinnon ◽  
Dale Shaner ◽  
Scott Nissen ◽  
Phil Westra
Keyword(s):  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Nozzle Type

A study was conducted with a wettable powder formulation of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to determine the effects of surfactants, spray volume, nozzle type, and rain fastness on the efficacy of 1-MCP to protect tomato plants from the epinastic effects of ethephon. 1-MCP at 25 and 50 g·ha−1 protected tomato plants from 250 and 500 g·ha−1 of ethephon. Of the three best surfactants tested, two (Dyne-Amic and Silwet L-77) contained silicone and one (Herbimax) an emulsified petroleum oil. The efficacy of 1-MCP increased with an increase in spray volume from 150 L·ha−1 to 400 L·ha−1, suggesting that an increase in leaf coverage leads to greater protection and that the translocation of 1-MCP is limited within tomato plants. There was no significant effect of spray nozzle type on 1-MCP activity. 1-MCP appeared to be rainfast within 15 min after application.

Spray Drift and Recovery As Affected by Spray Thickener, Nozzle Type, and Nozzle Pressure

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 0213-0218 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Bode ◽  
B. J. Butler ◽  
C. E. Goering
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drift ◽  
Nozzle Pressure ◽  
Nozzle Type

Diluent Volume Influences Susceptibility of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Biotypes to Glyphosate

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla N. Duncan Yerkes ◽  
Stephen C. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Amphoteric Surfactant ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Carrier Volume

Two biotypes of field bindweed differing in their susceptibility to glyphosate were used to determine if diluent or carrier volume and additional surfactant could overcome differences in intraspecific response to glyphosate. In greenhouse studies, glyphosate (formulated product) was applied at 1.68 kg/ha in three diluent volumes (142, 189, and 237 L/ha), with and without 1 % (v/v) additional amphoteric surfactant. Nonparametric and ordinal categorical analyses indicated that field bindweed biotype, diluent volume, and surfactant significantly increased glyphosate phytotoxicity 7 DAT. Only biotype and volume were significant 21 DAT. The tolerant biotype was less injured at the 189 and 237 L/ha volumes than the susceptible biotype. Field bindweed injury was similar at a diluent volume of 142 L/ha for both biotypes. These greenhouse studies suggest that control of field bindweed may be improved with glyphosate by using low spray volume in concert with additional surfactant.

scholarly journals A contribution to the knowledge of biology and harmfulness of Deporaus betulae (L.) (Coleoptera, Attelabidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Urban
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Average Area

The paper deals with the occurrence, development and harmfulness of Deporaus betulae (L.). The majority of field studies was carried out at Training Forest Enterprise (TFE) Masaryk Forest in Křtiny (District Brno-venkov) in 2010 and 2011. In addition to this, the species was studied in detail also in a laboratory. It occurred mostly on Betula pendula and Carpinus betulus. Rarely, the species was found on Alnus glutinosa and Corylus avellana and only sporadically on Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Tilia cordata and T. platyphyllos. In the studied area, larvae and pupae hibernate. Beetles occur on trees from the end of April to the beginning of July, sporadically later. Females lay on average 2.5 (in the laboratory 4.4) eggs into rolls on B. pendula, on C. betulus 2.2 eggs. During two months, they damage on average 5.3 cm2 leaves creating 14 rolls and laying 35 eggs into the rolls. Larvae consume only 1.7 cm2 leaf blade. The development of the species takes three to four months from egg laying to the departure of larvae into soil. On leaves of B. pendula of an average area of 14.2 cm2, females roll up the same area (about 11.2 cm2) as on leaves of C. betulus of an area of 21.7 cm2. Into the rolls, they lay on average the same number of eggs. The average number of eggs in rolls increases with the increased area of B. pendula leaf blade. Trees partly compensate for the reduction of assimilatory area also by the growth of the area of neighbouring undamaged leaves (on average by 12.7 %).

Sethoxydim and Crop Oil Concentrate Increase Pyridate Phytotoxicity in Transplanted Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Jonathan Kirkwyland ◽  
Russell W. Wallace ◽  
Marija Arsenovic
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Before And After

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to determine the potential for interaction among pyridate (0.5, 1.0 kg ai/ha), sethoxydim (0.22 kg ai/ha), and crop oil concentrate (COC) (1.25% v/v) applied alone or in two- and three-way combinations to transplanted cabbage. Additionally, the effect of applying sethoxydim and COC 1 and 2 d before and after application of pyridate was investigated. In greenhouse-grown cabbage, injury increased twofold and dry weight was reduced 15% when pyridate dose was doubled. Sethoxydim increased pyridate injury significantly, reducing dry weight 31%. When COC was applied with pyridate, injury increased and dry weight decreased linearly. Despite substantial crop injury 7 d after treatment with pyridate alone, pyridate + sethoxydim, and pyridate + COC, yields of field-grown cabbage were reduced significantly in 1 yr only when the three materials were combined. Pyridate injury decreased as time between sethoxydim + COC applications, before and after pyridate was applied, increased.

Effect of Nozzle Angleson Spray Losses Reduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
pp. 216-221
Author(s):  
Nasir S. Hassen ◽  
Nor Azwadi Che Sidik ◽  
Jamaluddin Md Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Nozzle Height ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle

Spray losses are the most important problem that is faced in the spray application process as result of spray drift to non target areas by the action of air flow.This paper investigated the spray drift for banding applicationusing even flat-fan nozzle TPEunder wind tunnel conditions.In addition, this paper also examined the effect of different spray fan angles 65°, 80° and 95° on spray drift particularly where there is need to make the nozzle operate at the optimum heights above the ground or plant level.In addition, three cross wind speeds 1, 2 and 3m/swere produced to determine the effect of wind speed on total spray drift.According to the results from this study, the nozzle anglehas a significant effect on the total spray drift. The nozzle angle 65° gave the highest drift reduction compared to the other nozzle angles. The maximum driftfor all nozzles was found at nozzle height of 60 cm. The minimum mean value of the drift was found at wind speed of 1 m/s. This study supports the use of nozzle angles of less than 95° on heights more than 0.5m and on wind speeds more than 1m/s as a means for minimizing spray drift.

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