scholarly journals Response of ‘Honeycrisp®’ Apple Trees to Combinations of Pre-plant Fumigation, Deep Ripping, and Hog Manure Compost Incorporation in a Soil with Replant Disease

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1702-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gordon Braun ◽  
Keith D. Fuller ◽  
Kenneth McRae ◽  
Sherry A.E. Fillmore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Contrast Analysis

This study evaluated the effects of pre-plant treatments: deep ripping (DR), fumigation (F), deep ripping plus fumigation (DRF), deep ripping plus hog manure compost (DRC), and deep ripping plus fumigation plus hog manure compost (DRFC) in comparison with a non-treated control (NTC) on shoot and root performance of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees on M.4 rootstocks in an old orchard site with apple replant disease (ARD). Cylindrocarpon spp., Pythium spp., and Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, all potential agents of ARD, were present in the orchard soil. Fine-root numbers (1 to 2.9 mm diameter) were significantly greater in the DRC and DRFC treatments than the DR treatment. After 6 years, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and yield were largest for the DRFC treatment followed closely by F. The DR treatment had no effect on TCSA, yield, or yield efficiency when applied alone compared with the NTC. Contrast analysis demonstrated that F was significantly better than non-F for yield in all years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Also, there was a significant interaction between DR and F treatment in 2005 that significantly reduced yield in the DRF treatment. Contrast analysis showed that compost had a significant positive effect on yield in all three production years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Yield efficiency in the third production year was largest for F, DRC, and the DRFC treatments. Nutrient analysis revealed that soil phosphorus concentrations in compost-treated plots were double those in other treatments. High phosphorus content of compost may have contributed to the amelioration of ARD symptoms. This study found that in 2007, soil fumigation alone, as conventionally used for ARD control, and composted hog manure were equally effective in increasing yield and yield efficiency of apple trees planted in an ARD soil. The DRFC treatment was the overall best treatment in all years.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOIL FUMIGANTS AND A NEMATICIDE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF `MCINTOSH' APPLE TREES ON VARIOUS ROOTSTOCKS

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 479f-479
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Costante ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Lorraine P. Berkett
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Soil Fumigants ◽  
Tree Performance

`Rogers Red McIntosh' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on MM. 111, MM. 106, M.7a, or M.26 were planted in 1984 on an old orchard site, diagnosed with an apple replant disease (ARD) problem. Soil treatments included Telone c-17, Vorlex, Nemacur 3, or not treated. After six years, tree performance problems usually associated with severe ARD did not develop. Lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans-Stekhoven] populations feeding within or on the surface of roots were not affected by nematicide treatments nor rootstocks, even though slightly damaging levels were found in 1986. At the end of the sixth growing season, trunk cross-sectional areas were similar for trees in treated and in untreated soils. Trees on MM. 111 and MM. 106 were the largest, and those on M.26 were the smallest. Cumulative yield was not influenced by soil treatments, but trees on MM. 111 produced the greatest cumulative yields, whereas trees on M.26 were the most yield efficient.

EFFECT OF VIRUS INFECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF McINTOSH APPLE TREES ON SELECTED SEEDLING AND CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. WARNER ◽  
H. B. HEENEY ◽  
S. J. LEUTY ◽  
C. L. POTTER
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Virus Inoculation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Chlorotic Leaf ◽  
Stem Pitting

A field experiment conducted over 12 yr showed virus inoculation with Spy decline, chlorotic leaf spot, stem pitting, rubbery wood and apple stem grooving viruses generally reduced tree size and yield of two strains of the McIntosh apple cultivar. Virus-inoculated trees flowered and fruited slightly ahead of uninoculated trees. Trees on Ottawa Hybrid (OH)-1, OH-5, Ottawa (0)-5, 0-7, 0-11 and Malus robusta Rehd. 5 rootstocks were the most sensitive to virus infection, while trees on OH-3, OH-4, OH-6 and O-3 were relatively tolerant to virus infection. Virus infection did not reduce yield efficiency (kilograms of fruit per unit of trunk cross sectional area). Fruit from trees inoculated with virus was generally smaller in size but had more red color than fruit from uninoculated trees.Key words: Malus domestica, Ottawa rootstocks, yield, tree size, fruit quality, virus sensitivity

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169c-1169
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
Renae E. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Old Trees

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.

THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FUMIGANTS, NITROGEN, PLASTIC MULCH AND METALAXYL ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF YOUNG APPLE TREES IN APPLE REPLANT DISEASE SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL JENSEN ◽  
DEBORAH BUSZARD
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Steam Sterilization ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Malus Pumila Mill ◽  
Young Apple ◽  
Cultural Treatment

Postplanting weekly or biweekly applications of metalaxyl at 0.312 mg or 0.600 mg a.i. L−1 soil were as effective as steam sterilization in controlling apple replant disease (ARD) symptoms in greenhouse studies. Growth improvements obtained with metalaxyl suggest that Oomycetes may be involved in ARD in Quebec. In orchard trials plastic mulch, as a cultural treatment, was found to be as effective as methyl bromide, chloropicrin and formalin against ARD; metalaxyl, Vorlex and nitrogen were found to be less effective.Key words: Replant, apple, Malus pumila Mill., Pythium, mulch

scholarly journals The Effect of Rotating Apple Rootstock Genotypes on Apple Replant Disease and Rhizosphere Microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Deakin ◽  
Felicidad Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Julie Bennett ◽  
Tom Passey ◽  
Nicola Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Tree Establishment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease

Continuous plantation of apple trees (Malus pumila) at the same sites where the same or a closely related species were grown previously leads to poor establishment, reduced growth vigor, and subsequent crop losses; this phenomenon is termed apple replant disease (ARD). Management of ARD is a continual challenge due to (i) restrictions on the use of broad-spectrum soil fumigants, (ii) putative causal agents of ARD can be site-specific, and (iii) more than one causal agent can be present at a site. We conducted an experimental study at two orchard sites to investigate the succession effect of rootstock genotypes on apple tree establishment with three specific objectives: (i) whether ARD in newly planted apple trees is more severe if the same rootstock as the previous one is replanted, (ii) whether trees develop better in the aisle than in original tree stations, and (iii) the extent of association of rootstock genotypes with rhizosphere microbiome in relation to ARD. Tree growth and rhizosphere microbiome were assessed within 30 months of replanting. In one orchard, replanting trees with a rootstock genotype different from the previous one can be effective in reducing ARD development, susceptibility to ARD is likely to be genetically controlled, and replanting trees in the previous grass aisle can reduce ARD development. However, the opposite results were obtained in the other orchard, possibly due to the lack of weed management in the grass aisle affecting tree establishment in the grass aisle. Rhizosphere microbiota associated with specific rootstock genotypes reached a stable state within 7 months of replanting. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi operational taxonomic unit (OTU) had reduced abundance with ARD trees; however many other OTUs associated with ARD cannot be identified to low taxonomic ranks and hence their roles cannot be easily interpreted. In conclusion, replanting trees with rootstocks that are genetically differently from the previous one can reduce ARD development. However, in adopting this strategy, the extent of genetic relationships among rootstock genotypes needs to be considered.

scholarly journals PALMETTE-LEADER (PL) AND CENTRAL-LEADER (CL) TREE-FORM EFFECTS ON LIGHT DISTRIBUTION, PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT QUALITY OF `McINTOSH' APPLE TREES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1122b-1122
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
I. Schechter ◽  
R.A. Cline ◽  
W.F. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Light Levels

Mature `Macspur McIntosh'/MM.106 trees trained to the CL tree form were converted to the PL tree form in 1987 by removal of east- and west-oriented upper scaffold limbs. Control trees were pruned to maintain the CL form. Dormant pruning in later years maintained either tree form. No summer pruning was used in this study. Canopy light levels along horizontal transects at one m above the soil and vertical transects, both through the center of the canopy, were unaffected by tree form or transect direction. Yields were significantly lower for PL trees in 1987 and 1989, while yield efficiency was reduced in PL trees in all 3 years. Fruit size, trunk cross-sectional area, and foliar macro-nutrient content were unaffected by tree form during this study. Fruit color development in both the upper and lower halves of the canopy was uninfluenced by tree form.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ‘FUJI’ APPLE TREES ON ‘JM’ SERIES ROOTSTOCKS, IN SÃO JOAQUIM/SC

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (spe) ◽  
Author(s):  
MATEUS DA SILVEIRA PASA ◽  
ALBERTO FONTANELLA BRIGHENTI ◽  
JOSÉ MASANORI KATSURAYAMA ◽  
CARINA PEREIRA DA SILVA ◽  
MARLISE NARA CIOTTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Tree Production

ABSTRACT Worldwide, research has developed new apple rootstocks that induce higher yields, pest resistance and adaptation to different climatic and soil conditions. Thus, the performance of these new rootstocks in the conditions of the main regions that grow apples should be investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of ‘Fuji’ trees on different rootstocks of JM series and M.7 in the region of São Joaquim, SC. The experiment was performed from 2010 to 2015. Plant material consisted on the cultivar Fuji grafted on the rootstocks JM.2, JM.3, JM.5, JM.7, JM.8 and M.7, planted as single axis trees in the winter of 2002, and spaced at 5 x 1.5m. Trees were trained in a central-leader system and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of fruits per tree, production per tree, yield, yield efficiency, fruit weigh, and trunk cross sectional area were evaluated. The results showed that the yield of ‘Fuji’ apple trees is greater with the rootstocks JM.3, JM.7, JM.8, and M.7. The rootstocks JM.2, JM.5, JM.7 and JM.8 induce similar vigor as M.7. The results also show that fruit weight is little affected by rootstock.

Effect of Canopy Angle and Row Spacing on Tree Growth, Yield, Light Interception, and Fruit Quality of Y-trellis-trained Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 547d-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
The Relationship

`Empire'/M.9/MM.106 and `Ace Delicious'/MM.106 apple trees were planted in 1985 at three between row spacings (3.0 m, 4.25 m and 5.5 m) and were trained as either free standing central leaders or as Y-shaped hedgerows for 13 years. The Y hedgerow arms had varying angles from 40° to 80° above the horizontal. Final scaffold length, canopy volume, trunk cross-sectional area, and above-ground canopy weight were positively correlated to the angle of the Y arms. As the angle of the Y arms became more horizontal, the amount of growth removed during summer pruning increased. At the flattest angle (40° above horizontal), terminal growth of both cultivars ceased and excessive vertical sucker growth resulted. As the angle of the Y arms became more vertical, more terminal growth was obtained and less shoot growth had to be removed during summer pruning. Cumulative yields of the Y-shaped trees were generally greater than those of the central-leader-trained trees. Exceptions were the most horizontal and the most vertical canopy angles, which had the lowest yields. The relationship between angle of Y arms and yield showed a broad optimum between 50° and 70° above the horizontal. There was also a strong positive relationship between tree density and yield. `Empire' fruit size was smaller from the Y-shaped trees than from the central-leader trees. The optimum angles for fruit size were the intermediate angles. Fruit color was poorest on the flattest angles and best on the most-vertical angles. The best yield efficiency was at intermediate angles (50° 70°). This resulted in the best balance of vegetative growth and cropping.

Promotion of apple tree growth and fruit production by the EBW-4 strain of Bacillus subtilis in apple replant disease soil

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1270-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Utkhede ◽  
E. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Growth Promoting

A field trial was conducted near Kelowna, British Columbia, to determine the effect of biological treatments alone and in combination with formalin fumigation in apple replant disease soil. The response was measured by the increase in cross-sectional trunk area, total shoot growth, and fruit yield of McIntosh apple trees on M.26 rootstock. The postplanting drench application of strain EBW-4 of Bacillus subtilis alone was consistently effective in increasing cross-sectional trunk area for 5 years, total shoot growth for 4 years, and fruit yield for 3 years. The biological agent EBW-4 of B. subtilis in combination with formalin fumigation was also effective in promoting total shoot growth and cross-sectional trunk area. The application of formalin fumigation alone was effective in increasing shoot growth for 2 years and cross-sectional trunk area for 1 year only. This treatment did not increase fruit yield for 3 years. The consistent performance of strain EBW-4 of B. subtilis during 1986–1991 indicates that this bacterium has the potential for biological control of replant disease under orchard conditions in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. Key words: Enterobacter aerogenes, replant problem, growth promoting bacteria, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

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