scholarly journals The Effect of Rotating Apple Rootstock Genotypes on Apple Replant Disease and Rhizosphere Microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Deakin ◽  
Felicidad Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Julie Bennett ◽  
Tom Passey ◽  
Nicola Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Tree Establishment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease

Continuous plantation of apple trees (Malus pumila) at the same sites where the same or a closely related species were grown previously leads to poor establishment, reduced growth vigor, and subsequent crop losses; this phenomenon is termed apple replant disease (ARD). Management of ARD is a continual challenge due to (i) restrictions on the use of broad-spectrum soil fumigants, (ii) putative causal agents of ARD can be site-specific, and (iii) more than one causal agent can be present at a site. We conducted an experimental study at two orchard sites to investigate the succession effect of rootstock genotypes on apple tree establishment with three specific objectives: (i) whether ARD in newly planted apple trees is more severe if the same rootstock as the previous one is replanted, (ii) whether trees develop better in the aisle than in original tree stations, and (iii) the extent of association of rootstock genotypes with rhizosphere microbiome in relation to ARD. Tree growth and rhizosphere microbiome were assessed within 30 months of replanting. In one orchard, replanting trees with a rootstock genotype different from the previous one can be effective in reducing ARD development, susceptibility to ARD is likely to be genetically controlled, and replanting trees in the previous grass aisle can reduce ARD development. However, the opposite results were obtained in the other orchard, possibly due to the lack of weed management in the grass aisle affecting tree establishment in the grass aisle. Rhizosphere microbiota associated with specific rootstock genotypes reached a stable state within 7 months of replanting. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi operational taxonomic unit (OTU) had reduced abundance with ARD trees; however many other OTUs associated with ARD cannot be identified to low taxonomic ranks and hence their roles cannot be easily interpreted. In conclusion, replanting trees with rootstocks that are genetically differently from the previous one can reduce ARD development. However, in adopting this strategy, the extent of genetic relationships among rootstock genotypes needs to be considered.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Apple Root Transcriptome as Affected by Rootstock Genotype and Brassicaceae Seed Meal Soil Amendment: Implications for Plant Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Likun Wang ◽  
Tracey S. Somera ◽  
Heidi Hargarten ◽  
Loren Honaas ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Root Transcriptome ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Amended Soil

Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) soil amendment has been utilized as an effective strategy to control the biological complex of organisms, which includes oomycetes, fungi, and parasitic nematodes, that incites the phenomenon termed apple replant disease. Soil-borne disease control attained in response to Brassicaceae SM amendment is reliant on multiple chemical and biological attributes, including specific SM-generated modifications to the soil/rhizosphere microbiome. In this study, we conducted a comparative analyses of apple root gene expression as influenced by rootstock genotype combined with a seed meal (SM) soil amendment. Apple replant disease (ARD) susceptible (M.26) and tolerant (G.210) rootstocks cultivated in SM-amended soil exhibited differential gene expression relative to corresponding non-treated control (NTC) orchard soil. The temporal dynamics of gene expression indicated that the SM-amended soil system altered the trajectory of the root transcriptome in a genotype-specific manner. In both genotypes, the expression of genes related to plant defense and hormone signaling were altered in SM-amended soil, suggesting SM-responsive phytohormone regulation. Altered gene expression was temporally associated with changes in rhizosphere microbiome density and composition in the SM-treated soil. Gene expression analysis across the two rootstocks cultivated in the pathogen-infested NTC soil showed genotype-specific responses indicative of different defensive strategies. These results are consistent with previously described resistance mechanisms of ARD “tolerant” rootstock cultivars and also add to our understanding of the multiple mechanisms by which SM soil amendment and the resulting rhizosphere microbiome affect apple rootstock physiology. Future studies which assess transcriptomic and metagenomic data in parallel will be important for illuminating important connections between specific rhizosphere microbiota, gene-regulation, and plant health.

THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FUMIGANTS, NITROGEN, PLASTIC MULCH AND METALAXYL ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF YOUNG APPLE TREES IN APPLE REPLANT DISEASE SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL JENSEN ◽  
DEBORAH BUSZARD
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Steam Sterilization ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Malus Pumila Mill ◽  
Young Apple ◽  
Cultural Treatment

Postplanting weekly or biweekly applications of metalaxyl at 0.312 mg or 0.600 mg a.i. L−1 soil were as effective as steam sterilization in controlling apple replant disease (ARD) symptoms in greenhouse studies. Growth improvements obtained with metalaxyl suggest that Oomycetes may be involved in ARD in Quebec. In orchard trials plastic mulch, as a cultural treatment, was found to be as effective as methyl bromide, chloropicrin and formalin against ARD; metalaxyl, Vorlex and nitrogen were found to be less effective.Key words: Replant, apple, Malus pumila Mill., Pythium, mulch

scholarly journals Assessment of Agro-Ecological Apple Replant Disease (ARD) Management Strategies: Organic Fertilisation and Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bacteria

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Ulrike Cavael ◽  
Peter Lentzsch ◽  
Hilmar Schwärzel ◽  
Frank Eulenstein ◽  
Marion Tauschke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Organic Fertilisation

Apple replant disease (ARD) impacts the economic yield of orchards by physiological and morphological suppression of apple trees on replanted soils. The complexity of replant disease caused by a plethora of biological interactions and physical properties of the soil requires complex management strategies to mitigate these effects. Based on expert recommendations, we selected two management strategies linked to agroecological principles of (a) organic fertilisation with a specific mulch composition (MDK) and (b) biofertilisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal and bacterial strains (AMFbac), applied by a composition of existing products. For both management strategies we provide a proof-of-concept, by pot and field experiments. Both treatments have the potential to mitigate ARD effects on plant vigour. ARD effect was fully mitigated by MDK treatment in the short-term (one year) and was mitigated by up to 29% after seven years of MDK treatment (long-term). MDK provides an additional substrate for root growth. AMFbac has the potential to mitigate ARD effects on plant vigour but with non-replicable plant-beneficial effects in its current form of application. Thereby our results show a principal potential to mitigate economic effects but not to overcome replant disease inducing effects. While the MDK treatment is found resource intensive but reliable, the AMFbac treatment was found more user-friendly.

scholarly journals Interaction of Brassicaceae Seed Meal Soil Amendment and Apple Rootstock Genotype on Microbiome Structure and Replant Disease Suppression

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likun Wang ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Orchard Soil

Preplant soil application of a Brassica juncea–Sinapis alba seed meal formulation (SM) at a rate of 6.6 t ha−1 alters composition of the orchard soil microbiome in a manner that yields sustainable long-term suppression of soilborne pathogens in apple production systems. However, the cost of SM amendment has hindered the adoption of this tactic to manage apple replant disease in commercial orchards. Greenhouse trials were conducted to assess the effect of reduced SM application rates in concert with apple rootstock genotype on structure of the rhizosphere microbiome and associated disease control outcomes. At all application rates assessed, SM treatment increased tree growth and reduced disease development relative to the control. In general, total tree biomass and leader shoot length were similar in soils treated with SM at 4.4 or 6.6 t ha−1 regardless of rootstock genotype. Equivalent increase in tree biomass when cultivated in soil treated at the lowest and highest SM amendment rate was attained when used in conjunction with G.41 or G.210 apple rootstocks. Suppression of Pythium spp. or Pratylenchus penetrans root densities was similar at all SM application rates. When cultivated in nontreated replant orchard soil, Geneva rootstocks (G.41 and G.210) exhibited lower levels of Pythium spp. and P. penetrans root colonization relative to Malling rootstocks (M.9 and MM.106). For a given rootstock, structure of the rhizosphere microbiome was similar in soils treated with SM at 4.4 and 6.6 t ha−1. G.41 and G.210 rootstocks but not M.9 or MM.106 cultivated in soil treated with SM at 2.2 t ha−1 possessed a rhizosphere bacterial community structure that differed significantly from the control. Findings indicate that effective control of apple replant disease may be attained at lower SM amendment rates than employed previously, with lower effective rates possible when integrated with tolerant rootstock genotypes such as G.41 or G.210.

scholarly journals Response of ‘Honeycrisp®’ Apple Trees to Combinations of Pre-plant Fumigation, Deep Ripping, and Hog Manure Compost Incorporation in a Soil with Replant Disease

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1702-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gordon Braun ◽  
Keith D. Fuller ◽  
Kenneth McRae ◽  
Sherry A.E. Fillmore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Contrast Analysis

This study evaluated the effects of pre-plant treatments: deep ripping (DR), fumigation (F), deep ripping plus fumigation (DRF), deep ripping plus hog manure compost (DRC), and deep ripping plus fumigation plus hog manure compost (DRFC) in comparison with a non-treated control (NTC) on shoot and root performance of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees on M.4 rootstocks in an old orchard site with apple replant disease (ARD). Cylindrocarpon spp., Pythium spp., and Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, all potential agents of ARD, were present in the orchard soil. Fine-root numbers (1 to 2.9 mm diameter) were significantly greater in the DRC and DRFC treatments than the DR treatment. After 6 years, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and yield were largest for the DRFC treatment followed closely by F. The DR treatment had no effect on TCSA, yield, or yield efficiency when applied alone compared with the NTC. Contrast analysis demonstrated that F was significantly better than non-F for yield in all years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Also, there was a significant interaction between DR and F treatment in 2005 that significantly reduced yield in the DRF treatment. Contrast analysis showed that compost had a significant positive effect on yield in all three production years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Yield efficiency in the third production year was largest for F, DRC, and the DRFC treatments. Nutrient analysis revealed that soil phosphorus concentrations in compost-treated plots were double those in other treatments. High phosphorus content of compost may have contributed to the amelioration of ARD symptoms. This study found that in 2007, soil fumigation alone, as conventionally used for ARD control, and composted hog manure were equally effective in increasing yield and yield efficiency of apple trees planted in an ARD soil. The DRFC treatment was the overall best treatment in all years.

Exogenous dopamine and overexpression of the dopamine synthase gene MdTYDC alleviated apple replant disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengteng Gao ◽  
Yusong Liu ◽  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Lei Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Replant Disease

Abstract Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease that leads to economic losses due to reduced plant growth and diminished fruit yields. Dopamine is involved in interactions between plants and pathogens. However, it remains unclear whether dopamine can directly stimulate defense responses to ARD. In this study, an exogenous dopamine treatment and dopamine synthetase MdTYDC (tyrosine decarboxylase) transgenic plants were used to verify the role of dopamine in treating ARD. First, two-year-old trees of Malus domestica cv. Fuji apple, grafted onto rootstock M.26, were grown in replant soils. The addition of dopamine (100 μM) to the soil promoted seedling growth and changed the accumulation of mineral elements in plants in replant soils. Such supplementation improved the activity of invertase, urease, proteinase, and phosphatase under replant conditions. Sequencing analysis of 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA revealed that dopamine had a slight influence on bacterial diversity, but had an obvious effect on fungal diversity in replant soils. The application of dopamine to replant soil changed the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Second, overexpression of MdTYDC in apple plants alleviated the effects of ARD. MdTYDC transgenic lines exhibited mitigated ARD through inhibited degradation of photosynthetic pigment, maintaining the stability of photosystem I and II, and improving the antioxidant system. Furthermore, overexpression of MdTYDC improved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization by improving the accumulation of soluble sugars under replant conditions. Together these results demonstrated that dopamine enhances the tolerance of apples to ARD.

scholarly journals Controlling Apple Replant Disease in `McIntosh' Apple Trees on Various Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Costante ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Lorraine P. Berkett
Keyword(s):  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOIL FUMIGANTS AND A NEMATICIDE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF `MCINTOSH' APPLE TREES ON VARIOUS ROOTSTOCKS

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 479f-479
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Costante ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Lorraine P. Berkett
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Soil Fumigants ◽  
Tree Performance

`Rogers Red McIntosh' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on MM. 111, MM. 106, M.7a, or M.26 were planted in 1984 on an old orchard site, diagnosed with an apple replant disease (ARD) problem. Soil treatments included Telone c-17, Vorlex, Nemacur 3, or not treated. After six years, tree performance problems usually associated with severe ARD did not develop. Lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans-Stekhoven] populations feeding within or on the surface of roots were not affected by nematicide treatments nor rootstocks, even though slightly damaging levels were found in 1986. At the end of the sixth growing season, trunk cross-sectional areas were similar for trees in treated and in untreated soils. Trees on MM. 111 and MM. 106 were the largest, and those on M.26 were the smallest. Cumulative yield was not influenced by soil treatments, but trees on MM. 111 produced the greatest cumulative yields, whereas trees on M.26 were the most yield efficient.

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