INFLUENCE OF SOIL FUMIGANTS AND A NEMATICIDE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF `MCINTOSH' APPLE TREES ON VARIOUS ROOTSTOCKS

`Rogers Red McIntosh' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on MM. 111, MM. 106, M.7a, or M.26 were planted in 1984 on an old orchard site, diagnosed with an apple replant disease (ARD) problem. Soil treatments included Telone c-17, Vorlex, Nemacur 3, or not treated. After six years, tree performance problems usually associated with severe ARD did not develop. Lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans-Stekhoven] populations feeding within or on the surface of roots were not affected by nematicide treatments nor rootstocks, even though slightly damaging levels were found in 1986. At the end of the sixth growing season, trunk cross-sectional areas were similar for trees in treated and in untreated soils. Trees on MM. 111 and MM. 106 were the largest, and those on M.26 were the smallest. Cumulative yield was not influenced by soil treatments, but trees on MM. 111 produced the greatest cumulative yields, whereas trees on M.26 were the most yield efficient.

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Response of ‘Honeycrisp®’ Apple Trees to Combinations of Pre-plant Fumigation, Deep Ripping, and Hog Manure Compost Incorporation in a Soil with Replant Disease

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1702 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (11) ◽

pp. 1702-1707 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

P. Gordon Braun ◽

Keith D. Fuller ◽

Kenneth McRae ◽

Sherry A.E. Fillmore

Keyword(s):

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Manure Compost ◽

Replant Disease ◽

Hog Manure ◽

Contrast Analysis

This study evaluated the effects of pre-plant treatments: deep ripping (DR), fumigation (F), deep ripping plus fumigation (DRF), deep ripping plus hog manure compost (DRC), and deep ripping plus fumigation plus hog manure compost (DRFC) in comparison with a non-treated control (NTC) on shoot and root performance of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees on M.4 rootstocks in an old orchard site with apple replant disease (ARD). Cylindrocarpon spp., Pythium spp., and Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, all potential agents of ARD, were present in the orchard soil. Fine-root numbers (1 to 2.9 mm diameter) were significantly greater in the DRC and DRFC treatments than the DR treatment. After 6 years, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and yield were largest for the DRFC treatment followed closely by F. The DR treatment had no effect on TCSA, yield, or yield efficiency when applied alone compared with the NTC. Contrast analysis demonstrated that F was significantly better than non-F for yield in all years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Also, there was a significant interaction between DR and F treatment in 2005 that significantly reduced yield in the DRF treatment. Contrast analysis showed that compost had a significant positive effect on yield in all three production years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Yield efficiency in the third production year was largest for F, DRC, and the DRFC treatments. Nutrient analysis revealed that soil phosphorus concentrations in compost-treated plots were double those in other treatments. High phosphorus content of compost may have contributed to the amelioration of ARD symptoms. This study found that in 2007, soil fumigation alone, as conventionally used for ARD control, and composted hog manure were equally effective in increasing yield and yield efficiency of apple trees planted in an ARD soil. The DRFC treatment was the overall best treatment in all years.

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Brassica Seed Meal Soil Amendments Transform the Rhizosphere Microbiome and Improve Apple Production Through Resistance to Pathogen Reinfestation

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-09-14-0247-r ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 460-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Mark Mazzola ◽

Shashika S. Hewavitharana ◽

Sarah L. Strauss

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Growing Season ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Seed Meal ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Tree Performance ◽

Amended Soil

Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) formulations were compared with preplant 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin (Telone-C17) soil fumigation for the ability to control apple replant disease and to suppress pathogen or parasite reinfestation of organic orchard soils at two sites in Washington State. Preplant soil fumigation and an SM formulation consisting of either Brassica juncea–Sinapis alba or B. juncea–B. napus each provided similar levels of disease control during the initial growing season. Although tree growth was similar in fumigated and SM-amended soil during the initial growing season, tree performance in terms of growth and yield was commonly superior in B. juncea–S. alba SM-amended soil relative to that in fumigated soil at the end of four growing seasons. SM-amended soils were resistant to reinfestation by Pratylenchus penetrans and Pythium spp. relative to fumigated soils and corresponded with enhanced tree performance. Phytotoxic symptoms were observed in response to SM amendment at one of two orchard sites, were dependent upon season of application, and occurred in an SM formulation-specific manner. After 2 years, the rhizosphere microbiome in fumigated soils had reverted to one that was indistinguishable from the no-treatment control. In contrast, rhizosphere soils from the SM treatment possessed unique bacterial and fungal profiles, including specific microbial elements previously associated with suppression of plant-pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. Overall diversity of the microbiome was reduced in the SM treatment rhizosphere, suggesting that enhanced “biodiversity” was not instrumental in achieving system resistance or pathogen suppression.

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The Effect of Preplant Monoammonium Phosphate Fertilizer and Compost on the Growth and Yield of 'Macoun' Apple Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1854 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1854-1856 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Renae E. Moran ◽

James R. Schupp

Keyword(s):

Tree Growth ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Tree Height ◽

Phosphate Fertilizer ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Monoammonium Phosphate ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional

'Macoun'/B.9 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees were planted in May 1998 in ± compost or ± monoammonium phosphate (MAP) for a total of four preplant treatments: 1) 90 g phosphorus (P) per tree, 2) 128 kg compost per tree, 3) 90 g P and 128 kg compost per tree, and 4) and an untreated control. MAP did not increase tree growth or yield in any year of the study. Compost increased canopy width into the sixth year after planting, and increased tree height and trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) into the seventh year. Annual yield was increased by compost in the fifth and seventh years, but not fourth or sixth year after planting. Compost increased cumulative yield in the sixth and seventh years.

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Influence of Root Pruning and Rootstock on Growth and Performance of `Golden Delicious' Apple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.4.645 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 645-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D.C. Ferree ◽

M. Knee

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Size Effect ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

And Performance

`Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple trees on nine rootstocks or interstems were mechanically root pruned annually for 9 years beginning the year after planting. Root pruning reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) by 14% over the first 5 years and 22% in the last 4 years of the trial. Yield and fruit size were reduced by root pruning in most years with the fruit size effect obvious in June at the end of cell division. Interstem trees of MAC.9/MM.106 were larger than trees on M.9 and the following interstems: M.9/MM.106, M.9/MM.111, M.27/MM.111. Trees on seedling (SDL) rootstock were the largest and had the lowest yield per unit TCA and lower cumulative yield/tree than trees on M.7, MM.106, and MM.1ll. There was no interaction for any measure of growth or yield between root pruning and rootstock or interstem.

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Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.11.1364 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 1364-1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard H. Zimmerman

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Growing Season ◽

First Year ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Terminal Shoot

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

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Field Evaluation of Reduced Rate Brassicaceae Seed Meal Amendment and Rootstock Genotype on the Microbiome and Control of Apple Replant Disease

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-02-19-0045-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (8) ◽

pp. 1378-1391 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Likun Wang ◽

Mark Mazzola

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Growing Season ◽

Application Rate ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Seed Meal ◽

Effective Control ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease ◽

Application Rates ◽

Reduced Rate

An orchard field trial was conducted to assess the utility of reduced rate Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) amendment in concert with specific rootstock genotypes for effective control of apple replant disease. Three amendment rates of a 1:1 formulation of Brassica juncea-Sinapis alba SM were compared with preplant 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin soil fumigation for disease control efficacy. When applied at the highest rate (6.6 t ha−1) in the spring of planting, SM caused significant phytotoxicity and tree mortality, which was higher for Gala/M.26 than for Gala/G.41 but was not observed at SM application rates of 2.2 or 4.4 t ha−1. SM treatment resulted in growth and yield increases of Gala/M.26 and Gala/G.41 trees in a manner similar to the fumigation treatment and significantly greater than the no treatment control. Tree growth in soils treated with SM at 4.4 t ha−1 was similar or superior to that obtained with SM at 6.6 t ha−1 and superior to that attained at an SM application rate of 2.2 t ha−1. Soil fumigation and all SM treatments reduced Pratylenchus penetrans root infestation relative to the control treatment at the end of the initial growing season. Lesion nematode root densities in the fumigation treatment, but not SM treatments, rapidly recovered and were indistinguishable from the control at the end of the second growing season. Soil fumigation and all SM treatments significantly suppressed Pythium spp. root infection relative to the control. Trees grafted to rootstock G.41 possessed lower P. penetrans root densities relative to trees grafted to rootstock M.26. One year after planting, composition of microbial communities from SM-amended soils was distinct from those detected in control and fumigated soils, and the differences were amplified with increasing SM application rate. Specific fungal and bacterial phyla associated with suppression of plant pathogens were more abundant in SM-treated soil relative to the control, and they were similar in abundance in 4.4- and 6.6-t ha−1 SM treatments. Findings from this study demonstrated that use of the appropriate apple rootstock genotype will allow for effective replant disease control at SM application rates significantly less than that utilized previously (6.6 t ha−1).

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THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FUMIGANTS, NITROGEN, PLASTIC MULCH AND METALAXYL ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF YOUNG APPLE TREES IN APPLE REPLANT DISEASE SOIL

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps88-031 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 255-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

PAUL JENSEN ◽

DEBORAH BUSZARD

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Malus Pumila ◽

Steam Sterilization ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Replant Disease ◽

Malus Pumila Mill ◽

Young Apple ◽

Cultural Treatment

Postplanting weekly or biweekly applications of metalaxyl at 0.312 mg or 0.600 mg a.i. L−1 soil were as effective as steam sterilization in controlling apple replant disease (ARD) symptoms in greenhouse studies. Growth improvements obtained with metalaxyl suggest that Oomycetes may be involved in ARD in Quebec. In orchard trials plastic mulch, as a cultural treatment, was found to be as effective as methyl bromide, chloropicrin and formalin against ARD; metalaxyl, Vorlex and nitrogen were found to be less effective.Key words: Replant, apple, Malus pumila Mill., Pythium, mulch

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Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14904-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 1538-1550

Author(s):

Gemma Reig ◽

Jaume Lordan ◽

Stephen Hoying ◽

Michael Fargione ◽

Daniel J. Donahue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

New York State ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Training System ◽

High Density ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Training Systems ◽

G 11

We conducted a large (0.8 ha) field experiment of system × rootstock, using Super Chief Delicious apple as cultivar at Yonder farm in Hudson, NY, between 2007 and 2017. In this study, we compared six Geneva® rootstocks (‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.30’, ‘G.41’, and ‘G.935’) with one Budagovsky (‘B.118’) and three Malling rootstocks (‘M.7EMLA’, ‘M.9T337’ and ‘M.26EMLA’). Trees on each rootstock were trained to four high-density systems: Super Spindle (SS) (5382 apple trees/ha), Tall Spindle (TS) (3262 apple trees/ha), Triple Axis Spindle (TAS) (2243 apple trees/ha), and Vertical Axis (VA) (1656 apple trees/ha). Rootstock and training system interacted to influence growth, production, and fruit quality. When comparing systems, SS trees were the least vigorous but much more productive on a per hectare basis. Among the rootstocks we evaluated, ‘B.118’ had the largest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), followed by ‘G.30’ and ‘M.7EMLA’, which were similar in size but they did not differ statistically from ‘G.935’. ‘M.9T337’ was the smallest and was significantly smaller than most of the other rootstocks but it did not differ statistically from ‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.41’, and ‘M.26EMLA’. Although ‘B.118’ trees were the largest, they had low productivity, whereas the second largest rootstock ‘G.30’ was the most productive on a per hectare basis. ‘M.9’ was the smallest rootstock and failed to adequately fill the space in all systems except the SS, and had low cumulative yield. The highest values for cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) were with ‘G.210’ for all training systems except for VA, where ‘M.9T337’ had the highest value. The lowest values were for all training systems with ‘B.118’ and ‘M.7EMLA’. Regardless of the training system, ‘M.7EMLA’ trees had the highest number of root suckers. Some fruit quality traits were affected by training system, rootstock or system × rootstock combination.

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Planting-hole Amendments Modify Growth and Fruiting of Apples on Replant Sites

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.2.82 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 82-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G.H. Neilsen ◽

J. Beulah ◽

E.J. Hogue ◽

R. Utkhede

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

First Year ◽

Monoammonium Phosphate ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wide Range ◽

Replant Problem ◽

Second Year ◽

Cu Nutrition

The effects of various nonfumigant planting-hole treatments on growth and yield of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were measured during the first 3 years after planting. Eight orchards diagnosed as having a replant problem were monitored. First-year shoot growth, the number of blossoms in the second year (inmost orchards), and first-year trunk cross-sectional area increment (TCAI) in 50% of test orchards were increased by monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer+ peat, MAP+ mancozeb, or MAP + peat + a bacterial antagonist. By the end of year 3, TCAI generally was not affected by treatments, but treatments resulted in more blossoms by the third season in two of seven orchards that blossomed in the second season. Cumulative yield after 3 years increased significantly in only three orchards, with the best treatment, MAP+ peat, resulting in cost recovery in only one orchard. Inadequate K or Cu nutrition may have reduced growth in some of the orchards, which were characterized by a wide range in yields, independent of planting-hole treatment.

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ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL AND STABILITY ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS OF NINE APPLE ROOTSTOCKS IN THEIR INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND YIELD

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1173f ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1173f-1173

Author(s):

William C. Olien ◽

David C. Ferree ◽

Bert L. Bishop

Keyword(s):

High Stability ◽

High Potential ◽

Environmental Stability ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Apple Rootstocks ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Regional Project ◽

A Site

Nine apple rootstocks grafted with `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' were evaluated in 19 states over 9 to 10 years by the NC 140 Regional Project as a randomized complete block with 10 replications in each site. Effects on trunk cross-sectional area (TA), cumulative yield per tree (Yc), and cumulative yield efficiency (YEc=Yc/TA) were evaluated. Rootstock differences in mean potential (mean performance at the mean site) and environmental stability (slope across sites) were compared by analysis of rootstock performance within a site linearly regressed on mean performance of all rootstock in that site. MAC 24 had the highest mean potential of Yc and TA with lowest stability, giving this rootstock the highest Yc and TA in best sites, and lowest in poor sites. M.27 EMLA was the opposite, having low potential and high stability in Yc and TA. In YEc, M.27 EMLA and MAC9 had high potential and low stability, while OAR1, M.7 EMLA, and especially MAC 24 were the opposite. YEc of Ott.3 and M.26 were average in both respects. M.9 had high potential YEc with average stability. M.9 EMLA was unique in having both high potential and high stability of YEc.

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