scholarly journals Ploidy, Relative Genome Size, and Inheritance of Spotted Foliage in Aucuba Species (Garryaceae)

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1271-1274
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
Tracy H. Thomasson ◽  
Kristin Neill ◽  
Nathan P. Lynch ◽  
Mark Weathington
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Discrete Groups ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Leaf Trait ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Evergreen Shrubs

Aucuba have been cultivated for centuries and are valued as adaptable, broad-leaved, evergreen shrubs that also can have attractive, spotted variegations on the foliage. Improved understanding of the cytogenetics and heritability of specific traits, for specific clones and cultivars, can provide basic information to help facilitate the breeding and improvement of aucuba. The objectives of this study were to determine ploidy level and relative genome size of a diverse collection of species and cultivars of aucuba using flow cytometry and cytology and to make additional observations on heritability of spotted leaf variegation. Chromosome counts were 2n = 2x = 16 for Aucuba chinensis (A. omeiensis), 2n = 4x = 32 for A. japonica ‘Rozannie’, and 2n = 6x = 48 for A. sp. ‘Hosoba’. Relative 2C genome size for the 57 taxa varied from 13.8 pg for A. obcordata to 42.0 pg for A. ‘Hosoba’ and fell within three discrete groups consistent with cytotype. Genome size for diploid taxa (A. chinensis and A. obcordata) ranged from 13.8 to 21.0 pg, tetraploids (A. himalaica var. oblanceolata, A. japonica, and A. japonica var. borealis) ranged from 28.8 to 31.2 pg, and the first-ever reported hexaploids (A. ‘Hosoba’ and A. sp. – Vietnam) ranged from 40.5 to 42.0 pg. Unlike prior reports that indicated inheritance of spotted variegations were extranuclear genes that were maternally inherited, we found that the spotted leaf trait expressed in A. japonica ‘Shilpot’ appears to be a nuclear gene that is inherited in a quantitative fashion and not strictly maternal. These data provide an enhanced foundation for breeding improved aucuba.

Hidden diversity in wild Beta taxa from Portugal: Insights from genome size and ploidy level estimations using flow cytometry

Plant Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 207 ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia Castro ◽  
Maria M. Romeiras ◽  
Mariana Castro ◽  
Maria Cristina Duarte ◽  
João Loureiro
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Ploidy Level

scholarly journals Flow cytometry as tool in plant sciences, with emphasis on genome size and ploidy level assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickael Bourge ◽  
Spencer Creig Brown ◽  
Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Fast Acquisition ◽  
Plant Sciences

Flow cytometry has become the method of choice to measure the DNA content (genome size) in plants. Ease of sample preparation, fast acquisition, and accurate measurements have made the method popular in the domains of plant cell biology, systematics, evolution, genetics and biotechnology. Although the cell wall is a problem when isolating plant cells, cytometry remains a powerful tool in plant sciences. Based on our 30-years’ experience in this field, this review will focus at first on genome size measurement using simply isolated nuclei: the good practice for acquisition, nuclei isolation, appropriate buffers, kind of tissues to use. The second part will briefly review what kind of measurements it is possible to make in plant cytometry, and for what purpose: base composition, ploidy level, cell cycle, endoreplication, seed screening, and nuclei/chromosomes sorting. We will address troubleshooting. The commonly-used mathematic tools will be discussed.

scholarly journals Genome Size Estimates and Chromosome Numbers of Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae)

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan N. Contreras ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Flow Cytometry Data ◽  
Carbol Fuchsin ◽  
Cross Compatibility ◽  
Size Estimates

Genome size estimates and chromosome number information can be useful for studying the evolution or taxonomy of a group and also can be useful for plant breeders in predicting cross-compatibility. Callicarpa L. is a group of ≈140 species with nearly worldwide distribution. There are no estimates of genome size in the literature and the information on chromosome numbers is limited. Genome size estimates based on flow cytometry are reported here for 16 accessions of Callicarpa comprising 14 species in addition to chromosome counts on six species. Chromosome counts were conducted by staining meristematic cells of roots tips using modified carbol fuchsin. Holoploid genome size estimates ranged from 1.34 pg to 3.48 pg with a mean of 1.74 pg. Two tetraploids (2n = 4x = 68; C. salicifolia P'ei & W. Z. Fang and C. macrophylla Vahl GEN09-0081) were identified based on holoploid genome size and confirmed by chromosome counts. There was little variation among species for monoploid genome size. 1Cx-values ranged from 0.67 pg to 0.88 pg with a mean of 0.77 pg. Chromosome counts for six species revealed a base chromosome number of x = 17. Callicarpa chejuensis Y. H. Chung & H. Kim, C. japonica Thunb. ‘Leucocarpa’, C. longissima Merr., and C. rubella Lindl. were confirmed as diploids (2n = 2x = 34). Cytology supported flow cytometry data that C. salicifolia and C. macrophylla GEN09-0081 were tetraploids. The two accessions of C. macrophylla included in the study were found to be of different ploidy levels. The presence of two ploidy levels among and within species indicates that polyploidization events have occurred in the genus.

A new natural hybrid in Saxifraga sect. Porphyrion Tausch (Saxifragaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 498 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
DAVID HORÁK ◽  
MARTIN HAJMAN ◽  
MICHAL HRONEŠ ◽  
MOJMÍR PAVELKA
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Natural Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Plants

A new natural hybrid Saxifraga ×klimesii Hajman, Horák & Hroneš from Ladakh (NW India) is described and illustrated. This hybrid resulted from cross between Saxifraga meeboldii Engler & Irmscher and Saxifraga pulvinaria Harry Smith. The morphology of the hybrid plants and its parental taxa was evaluated using morphometric analysis of both living plants and herbarium specimens. An artificial cross was also made to compare its morphology with spontaneous hybrids. Ploidy level and relative genome size was established using flow cytometry. Saxifraga ×klimesii is intermediate in morphology and relative genome size between both parents. It differs from S. meeboldii by shorter and wider rosette leaves and lighter yellow, larger and wider petals and from S. pulvinaria by larger rosettes, often more than one pore on leaves and usually yellow coloured petals. A lectotype is selected for S. pulvinaria.

scholarly journals Contribution to knowledge about genome size in members of the family Asteraceae from Turkey: First assessments in 17 taxa, with chromosome counts for nine taxa

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Huseyin Inceer ◽  
Nursen Kalmuk
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

In this study, we report genome size (C-values) estimated using flow cytometry for 18 taxa of Asteraceae from Turkey, 17 of which are here assessed for the first time. The studied taxa belong to the genera Achillea (one species), Anthemis (one subspecies), Tanacetum (four taxa) and Crepis (12 taxa). Additionally, chromosome numbers of nine taxa of Crepis are provided, four counts being new reports and the remainder confirming previous data. The 2C-values of the studied taxa range from 2.08 to 11.06 pg, which represent more than fivefold variation. The systematic and evolutionary significance of genome size is discussed within the framework of the results obtained in this study.

Polyploidy in Crataegus and Mespilus (Rosaceae, Maloideae): evolutionary inferences from flow cytometry of nuclear DNA amounts

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 1268-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Talent ◽  
Timothy A. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
South Central ◽  
Gametophytic Apomixis ◽  
Dna Amounts

Hawthorns and medlars are closely related genera in Rosaceae subfamily Maloideae, whose taxonomy remains poorly understood. Gametophytic apomixis occurs in polyploids, and diploids are sexual out-crossers, so ploidy level is of great interest, but suitable material for chromosome counts is of limited availability each year. The promise of flow cytometry is that it permits rapid measurement of nuclear DNA amounts from most tissues, and ploidy level can be inferred if climatic and taxonomic differences do not interfere. Our DNA measurements cover most of the taxonomic series in Crataegus , adding cultivated and naturalized Eurasian plants to the many wild plants collected mainly from south-central Canada and the southeastern and northwestern United States. We found that some variation in DNA amount per genome copy distinguishes certain taxa, but ploidy-level estimates are at least as clear as the published chromosome counts, especially in the most common diploid–triploid–tetraploid range, and to the single published higher (hexaploid) chromosome count, we add evidence of pentaploids. By comparing ploidy evaluations to morphology, we hypothesize that both autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy contribute to the taxonomic complexity. We compared DNA amounts in Maloideae with those in Gillenia , a likely sister genus to the subfamily, which has a smaller chromosome number.

A survey of Penstemon’s genome size

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun R. Broderick ◽  
Mikel R. Stevens ◽  
Brad Geary ◽  
Stephen L. Love ◽  
Eric N. Jellen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
North America ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gaining Insight

Penstemon is the largest genus in North America with more than 270 reported species. However, little is known about its genome size. This information may be useful in developing hybrids for landscape use and for gaining insight into its current taxonomy. Using flow cytometry, we estimated the genome size of approximately 40% of the genus (115 accessions from 105 different species). Genome sizes for both reported and probable diploids range from P. dissectus 2C = 0.94 pg (1C = 462 Mbp) to P. pachyphyllus var. mucronatus 2C = 1.88 pg (1C = 919 Mbp), and the polyploids range from P. attenuatus var. attenuatus 2C = 2.35 pg (1C = 1148 Mbp) to P. digitalis 2C = 6.45 pg (1C = 3152 Mbp). Chromosome counts were done for ten previously published and four previously unreported Penstemon species (P. dissectus, P. navajoa , P. caespitosus var. desertipicti, and P. ramaleyi ). These counts were compiled with all previously published chromosome data and compared with the flow cytometry results. Ploidy within this study ranged from diploid to dodecaploid. These data were compared and contrasted with the current taxonomy of Penstemon and previously published internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA phylogenetic work. Based on genome size and previous studies, reassigning P. montanus to the subgenus Penstemon and P. personatus to the subgenus Dasanthera, would better reflect the phylogeny of the genus. Furthermore, our data concur with previous studies suggesting that the subgenus Habroanthus be included in the subgenus Penstemon. The DNA content of subgenus Penstemon exhibits high plasticity and spans a sixfold increase from the smallest to the largest genome ( P. linarioides subsp. sileri and P. digitalis, respectively). Our study found flow cytometry to be useful in species identification and verification.

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