A survey of Penstemon’s genome size

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun R. Broderick ◽  
Mikel R. Stevens ◽  
Brad Geary ◽  
Stephen L. Love ◽  
Eric N. Jellen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
North America ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gaining Insight

Penstemon is the largest genus in North America with more than 270 reported species. However, little is known about its genome size. This information may be useful in developing hybrids for landscape use and for gaining insight into its current taxonomy. Using flow cytometry, we estimated the genome size of approximately 40% of the genus (115 accessions from 105 different species). Genome sizes for both reported and probable diploids range from P. dissectus 2C = 0.94 pg (1C = 462 Mbp) to P. pachyphyllus var. mucronatus 2C = 1.88 pg (1C = 919 Mbp), and the polyploids range from P. attenuatus var. attenuatus 2C = 2.35 pg (1C = 1148 Mbp) to P. digitalis 2C = 6.45 pg (1C = 3152 Mbp). Chromosome counts were done for ten previously published and four previously unreported Penstemon species (P. dissectus, P. navajoa , P. caespitosus var. desertipicti, and P. ramaleyi ). These counts were compiled with all previously published chromosome data and compared with the flow cytometry results. Ploidy within this study ranged from diploid to dodecaploid. These data were compared and contrasted with the current taxonomy of Penstemon and previously published internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA phylogenetic work. Based on genome size and previous studies, reassigning P. montanus to the subgenus Penstemon and P. personatus to the subgenus Dasanthera, would better reflect the phylogeny of the genus. Furthermore, our data concur with previous studies suggesting that the subgenus Habroanthus be included in the subgenus Penstemon. The DNA content of subgenus Penstemon exhibits high plasticity and spans a sixfold increase from the smallest to the largest genome ( P. linarioides subsp. sileri and P. digitalis, respectively). Our study found flow cytometry to be useful in species identification and verification.

Characterizing polyploidy in Arabidopsis lyrata using chromosome counts and flow cytometry

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Dart ◽  
Paul Kron ◽  
Barbara K Mable
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
North America ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Arabidopsis Lyrata ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
European Populations

Protocols were developed for both chromosome counts and flow cytometry to assess ploidy level and DNA content for populations of Arabidopsis lyrata L. sampled from Europe (Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea), North America (Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. lyrata), and Japan (Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. kawasakiana). Ploidy variation within this species is not clear, with previous studies having documented both diploid and tetraploid populations. Chromosome counts in this study confirmed ploidy expectations for all populations examined. Individuals from Iceland and North America were diploid (2n = 2x = 16), whereas those from Japanese and Austrian populations were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32). Flow cytometry was also used successfully to distinguish between ploidy levels, but the need to calibrate DNA content measures with chromosome counts was demonstrated by a deviation from the expected 2:1 ratio between tetraploid and diploid values among European populations (A. lyrata subsp. petraea). This deviation might be explained by a hybrid (allopolyploid) origin or by genomic changes following polyploidization, emphasizing the dynamic nature of polyploid genomes. Variation in DNA content among families was found only for North American populations, but these individuals were sampled from a broader geographic range than those from other regions.Key words: cytogenetics, flow cytometry, polyploidy, Arabidopsis lyrata, genome size, chromosome counts.

scholarly journals Ploidy, Relative Genome Size, and Inheritance of Spotted Foliage in Aucuba Species (Garryaceae)

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1271-1274
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
Tracy H. Thomasson ◽  
Kristin Neill ◽  
Nathan P. Lynch ◽  
Mark Weathington
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Discrete Groups ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Leaf Trait ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Evergreen Shrubs

Aucuba have been cultivated for centuries and are valued as adaptable, broad-leaved, evergreen shrubs that also can have attractive, spotted variegations on the foliage. Improved understanding of the cytogenetics and heritability of specific traits, for specific clones and cultivars, can provide basic information to help facilitate the breeding and improvement of aucuba. The objectives of this study were to determine ploidy level and relative genome size of a diverse collection of species and cultivars of aucuba using flow cytometry and cytology and to make additional observations on heritability of spotted leaf variegation. Chromosome counts were 2n = 2x = 16 for Aucuba chinensis (A. omeiensis), 2n = 4x = 32 for A. japonica ‘Rozannie’, and 2n = 6x = 48 for A. sp. ‘Hosoba’. Relative 2C genome size for the 57 taxa varied from 13.8 pg for A. obcordata to 42.0 pg for A. ‘Hosoba’ and fell within three discrete groups consistent with cytotype. Genome size for diploid taxa (A. chinensis and A. obcordata) ranged from 13.8 to 21.0 pg, tetraploids (A. himalaica var. oblanceolata, A. japonica, and A. japonica var. borealis) ranged from 28.8 to 31.2 pg, and the first-ever reported hexaploids (A. ‘Hosoba’ and A. sp. – Vietnam) ranged from 40.5 to 42.0 pg. Unlike prior reports that indicated inheritance of spotted variegations were extranuclear genes that were maternally inherited, we found that the spotted leaf trait expressed in A. japonica ‘Shilpot’ appears to be a nuclear gene that is inherited in a quantitative fashion and not strictly maternal. These data provide an enhanced foundation for breeding improved aucuba.

Nuclear DNA content of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) estimated by flow cytometry

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Brown ◽  
G.M. Lambert ◽  
M. Ghanim ◽  
H. Czosnek ◽  
D.W. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Haploid Genome Size

AbstractThe nuclear DNA content of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennnadius) was estimated using flow cytometry. Male and female nuclei were stained with propidium iodide and their DNA content was estimated using chicken red blood cells and Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Brassicaceae) as external standards. The estimated nuclear DNA content of male and female B. tabaci was 1.04 and 2.06 pg, respectively. These results corroborated previous reports based on chromosome counting, which showed that B. tabaci males are haploid and females are diploid. Conversion between DNA content and genome size (1 pg DNA = 980 Mbp) indicate that the haploid genome size of B. tabaci is 1020 Mbp, which is approximately five times the size of the genome of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. These results provide an important baseline that will facilitate genomics-based research for the B. tabaci complex.

scholarly journals Genome Sizes in Hepatica Mill: (Ranunculaceae) Show a Loss of DNA, Not a Gain, in Polyploids

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. M. Zonneveld
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Asiatic Species ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents ◽  
Allotetraploid Species

Genome size (C-value) was applied anew to investigate the relationships within the genus Hepatica (Ranunculaceae). More than 50 samples representing all species (except H. falconeri), from wild and cultivated material, were investigated. Species of Hepatica turn out to be diploid (), tetraploid ( ), and a possible pentaploid. The somatic nuclear DNA contents (2C-value), as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide, were shown to range from 33 to 80 pg. The Asiatic and American species, often considered subspecies of H. nobilis, could be clearly distinguished from European H. nobilis. DNA content confirmed the close relationships in the Asiatic species, and these are here considered as subspecies of H. asiatica. Parents for the allotetraploid species could be suggested based on their nuclear DNA content. Contrary to the increase in genome size suggested earlier for Hepatica, a significant (6%–14%) loss of nuclear DNA in the natural allopolyploids was found.

scholarly journals Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqin Wang ◽  
Randall A. Kerstetter ◽  
Todd P. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Propidium Iodide ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Spirodela Polyrhiza ◽  
Wolffia Arrhiza ◽  
Basic Reference

To extensively estimate the DNA content and to provide a basic reference for duckweed genome sequence research, the nuclear DNA content for 115 different accessions of 23 duckweed species was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) stained with propidium iodide as DNA stain. The 1C-value of DNA content in duckweed family varied nearly thirteen-fold, ranging from 150 megabases (Mbp) in Spirodela polyrhiza to 1,881 Mbp in Wolffia arrhiza. There is a continuous increase of DNA content in Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia that parallels a morphological reduction in size. There is a significant intraspecific variation in the genus Lemna. However, no such variation was found in other studied species with multiple accessions of genera Spirodela, Landoltia, Wolffiella, and Wolffia.

Genome size, fluorochrome banding, and karyotype evolution in some Hypochoeris species

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cerbah ◽  
J. Coulaud ◽  
B. Godelle ◽  
S. Siljak-Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Regions ◽  
Fluorochrome Banding ◽  
South American

Four South American and two European species of Hypochoeris (Asteraceae) were studied using fluorochrome banding, and genome size was determined by flow cytometry, in order to obtain information about microevolution in this genus and about its primary origin. Fluorochrome banding patterns showed GC-rich repeated sequences, particularly around the nucleolar organizer regions. Few differences appeared among the South American species. Nevertheless, determination of nuclear DNA content and base composition revealed significant differences among these species. The phylogenetic position of Hypochoeris robertia, which has the smallest DNA content, is discussed with regard to chromosome evolution in this genus.Key words: Hypochoeris, Asteraceae, fluorochromes, flow cytometry, nucleolar organizer regions, microevolution.

Genome size differences in Hyalella cryptic species

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Vergilino ◽  
Kaven Dionne ◽  
Christian Nozais ◽  
France Dufresne ◽  
Claude Belzile
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

The Hyalella azteca (Saussure) complex includes numerous amphipod cryptic species in freshwater habitats in America as revealed by DNA barcoding surveys. Two ecomorphs (small and large) have evolved numerous times in this complex. Few phenotypic criteria have been found to differentiate between the numerous species of this complex. The present study aims to explore genome size differences between some species of the H. azteca complex co-occurring in a Canadian boreal lake using flow cytometry. Nuclear DNA content was estimated for 50 individuals belonging to six COI haplotypes corresponding to four provisional species of the H. azteca complex. Species from the large ecomorph had C-values significantly larger than species from the small ecomorph, whereas slight differences were found among species of the small ecomorph. These differences in genome sizes might be linked to ecological and physiological differences among species of the H. azteca complex.

Genome size in Arachis duranensis: a critical study

Genome ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva M Temsch ◽  
Johann Greilhuber
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Dna Flow Cytometry ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Arachis Duranensis ◽  
Collection Sites

Arachis duranensis is a diploid wild relative of the tetraploid cultivated peanut Arachis hypogaea. The literature indicates two 2C genomic DNA mean values (genome size) for A. duranensis, 4.92 and 5.64 pg, and intraspecific variation of up to 11% negatively correlated with altitude above sea level of the collection sites has been reported. Our recent investigations of Arachis species have shown that unrecognized technical problems with peanut material may have influenced previous genome-size data and rendered them open to critical comments. In the present study, 20 accessions of A. duranensis were investigated by means of DNA flow cytometry (propidium iodide staining) and several of these also by Feulgen DNA image analysis. Pisum sativum was used as the internal standard (2C = 8.84 pg). 2C values in A. duranensis were about half those described previously and varied between 2.49 and 2.87 pg (flow cytometry). This variation was statistically significant and reproducible. There was a negative correlation of genome size with latitude and altitude above sea level of the collection sites. Such a correlation had been already found in one of the previous studies. However, the incongruences between the absolute DNA content values obtained in the present investigation and those in the literature point to the importance of carrying out methodological studies on best practice in DNA-content determinations in plants.Key words: Arachis duranensis, genome size, flow cytometry, Feulgen densitometry.

scholarly journals New chromosome counts and genome size estimates for 28 species of Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Macháčková ◽  
Ľuboš Majeský ◽  
Michal Hroneš ◽  
Eva Hřibová ◽  
Bohumil Trávníček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
The World ◽  
Reproduction Strategies ◽  
First Time ◽  
Size Estimates

The species-rich and widespread genusTaraxacumF. H. Wiggers, 1780 (Asteraceae subfamily Cichorioideae) is one of the most taxonomically complex plant genera in the world, mainly due to its combination of different sexual and asexual reproduction strategies. Polyploidy is usually confined to apomictic microspecies, varying from 3x to 6x (rarely 10x). In this study, we focused on Taraxacum sect.Taraxacum(= T.sect.Ruderalia;T.officinalegroup), i.e., the largest group within the genus. We counted chromosome numbers and measured the DNA content for species sampled in Central Europe, mainly in Czechia. The chromosome number of the 28 species (T.aberransHagendijk, Soest & Zevenbergen, 1974,T.atrovirideŠtěpánek & Trávníček, 2008,T.atroxKirschner & Štěpánek, 1997,T.baeckiiformeSahlin, 1971,T.chrysophaenumRailonsala, 1957,T.coartatumG.E. Haglund, 1942,T.corynodesG.E. Haglund, 1943,T.crassumH. Øllgaard & Trávníček, 2003,T.deltoidifronsH. Øllgaard, 2003,T.diastematicumMarklund, 1940,T.gesticulansH. Øllgaard, 1978,T.glossodonSonck & H. Øllgaard, 1999,T.guttigestansH. Øllgaard in Kirschner & Štěpánek, 1992,T.huelphersianumG.E. Haglund, 1935,T.ingensPalmgren, 1910,T.jugiferumH. Øllgaard, 2003,T.laticordatumMarklund, 1938,T.lojoenseH. Lindberg, 1944 (=T.debrayiHagendijk, Soest & Zevenbergen, 1972,T.lippertianumSahlin, 1979),T.lucidifronsTrávníček, ineditus,T.obtusifronsMarklund, 1938,T.ochrochlorumG.E. Haglund, 1942,T.ohlseniiG.E. Haglund, 1936,T.perdubiumTrávníček, ineditus,T.praestabileRailonsala, 1962,T.sepulcrilobumTrávníček, ineditus,T.sertatumKirschner, H. Øllgaard & Štěpánek, 1997,T.subhuelphersianumM.P. Christiansen, 1971,T.valensMarklund, 1938) is 2n = 3x = 24. The DNA content ranged from 2C = 2.60 pg (T.atrox) to 2C = 2.86 pg (T.perdubium), with an average value of 2C = 2.72 pg. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for 26 species (all butT.diastematicumandT.obtusifrons), and genome size estimates for 26 species are now published for the first time.

scholarly journals Variations in Genome Size of Turnip Landraces from Two High-altitude Environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriyo Basak ◽  
Guangyan Wang ◽  
Xudong Sun ◽  
Yongping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Yunnan Plateau ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

Brassica rapa var. rapa (turnip) is considered a main source of food for the inhabitants of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and its adjacent highlands when other crops are scarce. The QTP ranges from lat. 25.59°N to 39.49°N and from long. 73.29°E to 104.40°E, whereas the Yunnan Plateau ranges from lat. 20.00°N to 29.16°N and from long. 96.00°E to 110.19°E. A comparison between the turnip landraces of two different plateau environments can provide a mechanistic insight into plant adaptation in highlands. The aim of this investigation was to understand the patterns in variation in genome size (GS) between the turnip landraces of two plateau environments. We used a well-established protocol to count chromosome number and performed propidium iodide flow cytometry to measure GS. No polyploidy was detected among the turnip landraces tested, and 15.5% variation in GS was observed between the landraces. No consistent pattern pertaining to GS variation emerged after the environmental variables were considered. Thus, we propose that such pattern may reflect the indirect effect of selection, random process, genetic drift, or some other factors on GS through interaction of life-form and phenotypic traits.

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