scholarly journals Molecular Weight and Degree of Methoxylation in Cell Wall Polyuronide during Softening in Pear and Apple Fruit

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yoshioka ◽  
K. Aoba ◽  
Y. Kashimura
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The concentrations of water-soluble polyuronides in apples [Malus domestica Borkh.) and pears (Pyrus communis L.) increased, but those of EDTA- and HCl-soluble polyuronides decreased during softening. Total polyuronide content decreased slightly during softening in both fruits. Depolymerization of polyuronides was observed only in the water-soluble fraction in pear fruit during softening, concomitant with an increase in polygalacturonase (PG) activity. No detectable depolymerization was observed in any of the polyuronide fractions during softening of apple fruit nor was any PG activity detected. The polyuronide fractions extracted from pear and apple cell walls contained various amounts of methoxyl groups. Polyuronides with a high degree of methoxylation were preferentially lost from EDTA- and HCl-soluble polyuronides during softening of both fruit. The water-soluble polyuronide had a lower degree of methoxylation than those lost in the EDTA- and HCl-soluble fractions. These results suggest de-esterification of polyuronides with a high degree of methoxylation rather than the depolymerization of polyuronides in the solubilization of polyuronides during ripening of apples and pears.

Degradation of Pectic Polysaccharides in Pickled Green Olives

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
CORAL SÁNCHEZ-ROMERO ◽  
RAFAEL GUILLÉN ◽  
ANTONIA HEREDIA ◽  
ANA JIMÉNEZ ◽  
JUAN FERNÁNDEZ-BOLAÑOS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Extraction Agent ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The changes that occur in the pectic fractions in the cell wall of olives of the Manzanilla variety (Olea europaea pomiformis) during processing (initial treatment at high pH and subsequent lactic fermentation) have been researched. After studying various conditions for fractionating the pectic polysaccharides, the most adequate were chosen, involving sequential extraction with water, imidazole-hydrochloric acid buffer, sodium carbonate, 1 M potassium hydroxide, and 4 M potassium hydroxide. In the unprocessed fruit, the fractions studied consist mainly of high-molecular-weight acidic polysaccharides (70 to 250 kDa): homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans, and branched arabinans. These were found in different proportions depending on the extraction agent used. At the same time, significant amounts of relatively low-molecular-weight (10 to 10.5 kDa) neutral branched arabinans were found in the water-soluble fraction. As a result of the processing, changes occurred in the proportions of the different groups of polysaccharides in accordance with changes in their solubility characteristics. These changes were reflected in the processed fruit by (i) an increase in the neutral branched arabinans in the water-soluble fraction due to the increased presence of such polysaccharides originally found in the carbonate and 4 M KOH-soluble fractions; (ii) an increase in homogalacturonans and rhamnogalacturonans, without significant changes in molecular weights, in the imidazole-soluble fraction as a result of the increased presence of corresponding polysaccharides originally found in the carbonate-soluble and water-soluble fractions; (iii) a substantial increase in uronic acids in the 1 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction, preferentially as low-molecular-weight polysaccharides; and (iv) a solubilization of arabinans in the 4 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction.

scholarly journals Polysaccharide compositions of collenchyma cell walls from celery (Apium graveolens L.) petioles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Chen ◽  
PJ Harris ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
Z Zujovic ◽  
LD Melton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Magic Angle Spinning ◽  
Mas Nmr ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Methyl Esterification ◽  
Angle Spinning

© The Author(s). 2017. Background: Collenchyma serves as a mechanical support tissue for many herbaceous plants. Previous work based on solid-state NMR and immunomicroscopy suggested collenchyma cell walls (CWs) may have similar polysaccharide compositions to those commonly found in eudicotyledon parenchyma walls, but no detailed chemical analysis was available. In this study, compositions and structures of cell wall polysaccharides of peripheral collenchyma from celery petioles were investigated. Results: This is the first detailed investigation of the cell wall composition of collenchyma from any plant. Celery petioles were found to elongate throughout their length during early growth, but as they matured elongation was increasingly confined to the upper region, until elongation ceased. Mature, fully elongated, petioles were divided into three equal segments, upper, middle and lower, and peripheral collenchyma strands isolated from each. Cell walls (CWs) were prepared from the strands, which also yielded a HEPES buffer soluble fraction. The CWs were sequentially extracted with CDTA, Na2CO3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH. Monosaccharide compositions of the CWs showed that pectin was the most abundant polysaccharide [with homogalacturonan (HG) more abundant than rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)], followed by cellulose, and other polysaccharides, mainly xyloglucans, with smaller amounts of heteroxylans and heteromannans. CWs from different segments had similar compositions, but those from the upper segments had slightly more pectin than those from the lower two segments. Further, the pectin in the CWs of the upper segment had a higher degree of methyl esterification than the other segments. In addition to the anticipated water-soluble pectins, the HEPES-soluble fractions surprisingly contained large amounts of heteroxylans. The CDTA and Na2CO3 fractions were rich in HG and RG-I, the 1 M KOH fraction had abundant heteroxylans, the 4 M KOH fraction was rich in xyloglucan and heteromannans, and cellulose was predominant in the final residue. The structures of the xyloglucans, heteroxylans and heteromannans were deduced from the linkage analysis and were similar to those present in most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. Cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy showed no apparent difference in the rigid and semi-rigid polysaccharides in the CWs of the three segments. Single-pulse excitation with magic-angle spinning (SPE/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, which detects highly mobile polysaccharides, showed the presence of arabinan, the detailed structure of which varied among the cell walls from the three segments. Conclusions: Celery collenchyma CWs have similar polysaccharide compositions to most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. However, celery collenchyma CWs have much higher XG content than celery parenchyma CWs. The degree of methyl esterification of pectin and the structures of the arabinan side chains of RG-I show some variation in the collenchyma CWs from the different segments. Unexpectedly, the HEPES-soluble fraction contained a large amount of heteroxylans.

scholarly journals Studies on Sulfhydryl Groups during Cell Division of Sea Urchin Egg

1962 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikoichi Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Sea Urchin Egg ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The contractility of the thread model prepared from the KCl-soluble proteins of the egg and in vivo factors for the contraction are investigated in Hemicentrotus, Anthocidaris, and Pseudocentrotus eggs. The contractility of the thread model induced by metal ions or cystine changes during development in the characteristic pattern of high at the metaphase and low at the monaster and the interkinetic stages. The change in contractility is paralleled by the change in the —SH content of the protein. The water-soluble fraction of the eggs has activity in causing contraction of the thread model. This activity changes during development in the same way as the contractility itself. The contraction of the thread induced by the water-soluble fractions is accompanied by a decrease in the —SH content of the thread. The activity of the water-soluble fraction in inducing the contraction is proportional to its ability to decrease the number of —SH groups. On boiling, the activity is largely destroyed. The activity is due to two components, one being non-dialyzable and the other dialyzable. Separately each component has little effect, but when mixed, the activity of the original sample is completely restored.

Functional group analysis of high-molecular weight compounds in the water-soluble fraction of organic aerosols

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (22) ◽  
pp. 4703-4710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Samburova ◽  
Tatiana Didenko ◽  
Erast Kunenkov ◽  
Christian Emmenegger ◽  
Renato Zenobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Functional Group Analysis

scholarly journals Polysaccharide compositions of collenchyma cell walls from celery (Apium graveolens L.) petioles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Chen ◽  
PJ Harris ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
Z Zujovic ◽  
LD Melton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Magic Angle Spinning ◽  
Mas Nmr ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Methyl Esterification ◽  
Angle Spinning

© The Author(s). 2017. Background: Collenchyma serves as a mechanical support tissue for many herbaceous plants. Previous work based on solid-state NMR and immunomicroscopy suggested collenchyma cell walls (CWs) may have similar polysaccharide compositions to those commonly found in eudicotyledon parenchyma walls, but no detailed chemical analysis was available. In this study, compositions and structures of cell wall polysaccharides of peripheral collenchyma from celery petioles were investigated. Results: This is the first detailed investigation of the cell wall composition of collenchyma from any plant. Celery petioles were found to elongate throughout their length during early growth, but as they matured elongation was increasingly confined to the upper region, until elongation ceased. Mature, fully elongated, petioles were divided into three equal segments, upper, middle and lower, and peripheral collenchyma strands isolated from each. Cell walls (CWs) were prepared from the strands, which also yielded a HEPES buffer soluble fraction. The CWs were sequentially extracted with CDTA, Na2CO3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH. Monosaccharide compositions of the CWs showed that pectin was the most abundant polysaccharide [with homogalacturonan (HG) more abundant than rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)], followed by cellulose, and other polysaccharides, mainly xyloglucans, with smaller amounts of heteroxylans and heteromannans. CWs from different segments had similar compositions, but those from the upper segments had slightly more pectin than those from the lower two segments. Further, the pectin in the CWs of the upper segment had a higher degree of methyl esterification than the other segments. In addition to the anticipated water-soluble pectins, the HEPES-soluble fractions surprisingly contained large amounts of heteroxylans. The CDTA and Na2CO3 fractions were rich in HG and RG-I, the 1 M KOH fraction had abundant heteroxylans, the 4 M KOH fraction was rich in xyloglucan and heteromannans, and cellulose was predominant in the final residue. The structures of the xyloglucans, heteroxylans and heteromannans were deduced from the linkage analysis and were similar to those present in most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. Cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy showed no apparent difference in the rigid and semi-rigid polysaccharides in the CWs of the three segments. Single-pulse excitation with magic-angle spinning (SPE/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, which detects highly mobile polysaccharides, showed the presence of arabinan, the detailed structure of which varied among the cell walls from the three segments. Conclusions: Celery collenchyma CWs have similar polysaccharide compositions to most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. However, celery collenchyma CWs have much higher XG content than celery parenchyma CWs. The degree of methyl esterification of pectin and the structures of the arabinan side chains of RG-I show some variation in the collenchyma CWs from the different segments. Unexpectedly, the HEPES-soluble fraction contained a large amount of heteroxylans.

scholarly journals Tissue distribution of retinol and its metabolites after administration of double-labelled retinol

1975 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Sundaresan ◽  
G M Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Light Petroleum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The tissue concentrations and distribution of radioactivity present in retinol and its metabolites were investigated in vitamin A-deficient rats 24h after injection of physiological doses (10μg) of [6, 7-14C2, 11,12-3H2] retinol. The highest concentration of radioactivity was observed in the adrenals, followed by kidney, spleen, liver, intestine and blood. The total radioactivity was greatest in urine, followed in descending order by liver, kidney, blood and intestine. The 14C/3H ratios of crude light-petroleum extracts in the liver, intestines, lungs, heart and faeces were similar to the ratio of the injected retinol dispersion. However, the 14C/3H ratios in the adrenals, kidney, spleen, blood, brain and urine were quite different from that of injected retinol. Alumina chromatography of the kidney and intestinal extracts demonstrated that retinol and retinyl palmitate are the principal forms of vitamin A present. However, alumina chromatography of the liver extract did not reveal the presence of retinol but yielded a major compound with a low 14C/3H ratio. That this compound was not retinol was shown by its inability to react with ethanolic HC1 to yield anhydroretinol. The distribution of radioactivity in ether-soluble, acidic and water-soluble fractions of urine indicated that most of the radioactivity was present in the acidic and water-soluble fractions. The 14C/3H ratios in ether-soluble and acidic fractions were higher than that of injected retinol, whereas in the water-soluble fraction the ratio was similar to the injected material.

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C-19 STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Benagiano ◽  
F. A. Kincl ◽  
F. Zielske ◽  
N. Wiqvist ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT 3H-labelled androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and 14C-labelled testosterone were administered at laparotomy into the intact foeto-placental circulation and the principal metabolites present in the placenta and various foetal tissues were isolated and identified. Five subjects were investigated; all foetuses were females. Except in the liver, where there was a complete interconversion, in all tissues more testosterone was converted into androstenedione than vice versa. The following unconjugated (ether soluble) metabolites were isolated: 5β-androstane-3,17-dione from the liver, gastro-intestinal tract and residual foetal tissues; 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one (liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, residual foetal tissues); 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (liver); 5α-androstane-3,17-dione (lungs, gastro-intestinal tract, residual foetal tissues); 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (lungs, gastro-intestinal tract, residual foetal tissues); 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (adrenals); oestrone (placenta and combined foetal tissues); 17β-oestradiol (placenta); oestriol (placenta). The following metabolites were isolated from the conjugated (water soluble) fraction of the liver: testosterone, 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one, 3β-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, oestriol. In addition, oestrone was isolated from the aqueous phase of the placentas, oestrone, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol from the aqueous phase of the combined foetal tissues, and 15α-hydroxy-oestradiol was detected and characterized in the extracts of placentas and livers. A high degree of enzymic stereospecificity in the reduction of the administered androstenedione and testosterone was observed in the various foetal tissues: 3α,5β-forms were predominant in the liver, with little, if any 3α,5α-forms present. In the lungs and residual foetal tissues, 3α,5α-products were predominant, whereas in the extracts of the gastrointestinal tract both types of reduction products were present in approximately equal amounts.

COMPOSITION OF MUCOPROTEIN FRACTIONS FROM DUODENAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS AND FROM CONTROLS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-91
Author(s):  
Zacharias Dische ◽  
Paul di Sant'Agnese ◽  
Charles Pallavicini ◽  
Joshua Youlos
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbohydrate Moiety ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Duodenal Fluid ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The mucus of the duodenal fluid of children contains a mixture of carbohydrateprotein complexes with the character of mucoids and glycoproteins. In duodenal fluids from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas about one-third in controls about 90%, of the mucoid material is soluble in trichloroacetic acid (TCA). In duodenal fluids from patients with cystic fibrosis about one-third of the mucoid becomes denatured and insoluble in water when precipitated with an ethanolbenzene mixture. The TCA-soluble mucoid from patients with cystic fibrosis and controls was separated by fractionated ethanol precipitation into four fractions: three precipitating at 50% (A); 67% (B); and 90% (C), respectively; and one soluble in 90% ethanol. All four fractions contain as carbohydrate moiety a fucomucopolysaccharide. Fractions C and D contain about equivalent amounts of galactose and mannose and in patients with cystic fibrosis only one hexosamine (glucosamine) in demonstrable amounts. Fractions A and B contain glucosamine as well as galactosamine in comparable amounts, but the hexose present is galactose to an extent of more than 80%. The polysaccharides of all four mucoid fractions differ in their content of sialic acid. The least-soluble fraction A contains less of it than the more soluble fractions. The content of sialic acid in the mucopolysaccharide of the water-insoluble mucoid, and of the TCA-insoluble water-soluble fraction from pooled duodenal fluids of patients with cystic fibrosis, approaches that of fraction A and is lower than that of other fractions. The molar ratio of fucose to hexosamine in fraction A, and in the water-insoluble mucoid from patients with cystic fibrosis, is higher than in all fractions from controls.

scholarly journals Oxidation Characteristics of Water Soluble Fractions of Agro-Stalks with Focus on Function of Reactive Inorganics

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
R. Zhao ◽  
F. He ◽  
F. Behrendt ◽  
J. Cai ◽  
A. Dieguez-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Behavior ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Pharmaceutical Waste ◽  
Base Study ◽  
Oxidation Characteristics ◽  
Soluble Fractions

In order to deepen the understanding of the thermochemical behavior of reactive inorganics, which play an important role in slagging and fouling during combustion of agro-stalks, the oxidation behavior of the water-soluble fraction of corn stover, wheat straw and rice straw was examined using a simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer. The oxidation characteristics were discussed in combination with elemental analysis of water-soluble fractions. Results showed that reactive inorganics elements account for 30–40% in water-soluble fractions of the three agro-stalks and carbon was oxidized at two separate stages. Four stages were found during oxidation of water-soluble fractions – (1) devolatilisation of organics (100‒400 °C); (2) oxidation of char (400–650 °C); (3) oxidation of char with melting of salts or decomposition of carbonate (650–800 °C); (4) vaporization of KCl (800–1000 °C). This work provides a base study for an optimized design of combustion for agro-stalks and pharmaceutical waste.

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