DCH18C6 using strontium extraction selectivity investigation and sequential soil fractionation study

85Sr as radioindicator has been applied to strontium separation selectivity study using cisdicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) as extraction agent and picric acid as counter ion with the aim to contribute to the development of a rapid method of strontium extraction. The same radioindicator has been used for strontium fractionation study in chosen soils by application of Tessier- and BCR sequential extraction procedures. Experimental results have shown, that the mentioned extraction system is applicable for IDA determination of Sr2+ in ∼1000-fold abundance of Ca2+, ∼1000-fold abundance and Mg2+, ∼10-fold abundance of K+ and ∼0.2-fold abundance of Ba2+. For the soil samples - chernozems developed on loess - from the near vicinity of NPP Jaslovské Bohunice the exchangeable strontium fraction reached as much as 50 – 60 %.

Insightful investigation account on hydrotropic solubilization practice utilized for solubility management of poorly dissolvable drugs

Background: Execution of the centralization of medication in the foundational flow necessitates, a remarkable parameter i.e. solubility has been approached for the pharmacological reaction. Due to the poor water dissolvability, restrained medication adequacy, and few medications exhibit the reaction owing to poor solvency. Therefore, the bioavailability, as well as the solvency of medication particles, relies on therapeutic adequacy. Aim: To attain the convergence of medication in a fundamental course, a significant parameter i.e. solvency has been executed for the pharmacological reaction. On account of revolution and advancement, there is a diversity of new medications and their subordinates are approachable. Over 40% of lipophilic medication up-and-comers neglect to achieve showcase because of poor bioavailability, even though these medications may display potential pharmacodynamics exercises. To achieve high market requirements, lipophilic medication can accomplish the relevant pharmacological activity. Consequently, most strategies are streamlined to improve fluid solvency to upgrade the proficiency as well as lessening the reactions for specific medications. Objectives: The process of Hydrotropic solubilization persists a novel and promising methodology to improve the solvency of drugs with poor water solvency by ascending the dissolvability to many folds with the involvement of hydrotropes i.e. Niacinamide, urea, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, and so on. The potentiality of hydrotropic solubilization counts on the balance among hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of hydrotropes. Hence, advancement in hydrotropy updated visualized in novel drug delivery systems and their mechanism of compatibilities and biocompatibilities. Novelty is also reprinted in its usefulness as an extraction agent for bio-active compounds, to increase the rate of heterogeneous reactions, and in a green synthesis for a substrate. Conclusion: This review focuses on practice utilized for solubility management of drugs with poor solvency, its unmet needs, utilizing the artificial machine learning in the prediction of hydrotrope-enhanced solubilization of drugs, practical applicability in drug delivery, interpreted kinetic involved, and various associated mechanism.

Evaluation of Element Mobility in River Sediment Using Different Single Extraction Procedures and Assessment of Probabilistic Ecological Risk

In this manuscript, samples of Kupa River sediments were examined using three different extraction agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of single extraction procedures to investigate the bioavailability and mobility of major and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) from river sediment. Two forms of studied elements were evaluated: mobile, the most toxic element form (extraction with 1 M CH3COONH4 and 0.01 M CaCl2) and potentially mobilized form (2 M HNO3 extraction). The estimation of the ecological risk, with the application of the probability distribution of RI (potential ecological risk index) values, is yielded with the help of the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Ammonium acetate is proved to be a better extraction agent than calcium chloride. A positive correlation between the content of all extracted elements with nitric acid and the total element content indicates that 2 M HNO3 efficiently extracts all studied elements. Results showed anthropogenic sources of cadmium and copper and high barium mobility. The MCS suggests that risk of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was low; As and Cd posed a lower and median ecological risk in the studied areas.

A method for determining the content of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil

In this paper, ultrasonic - centrifugal extraction - infrared oil meter is used to determine petroleum hydrocarbons in soil.The optimal conditions of ultrasonic centrifugal extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil were investigated by using simulated soil from the extraction agent, ultrasonic temperature, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, centrifugal speed, centrifugal time and other factors.The results showed that using tetrachloroethylene as extraction agent, the extraction efficiency of three times reached 88.34% with ultrasonic temperature of 30℃, ultrasonic time of 10min, ultrasonic power of 180W, centrifugal speed of 4000rpm and centrifugation time of 20min in 1% oil-contaminated soil.Under these conditions, the recoveries were 78.97%~96.58% and the relative standard deviations (n=5) of the measured values were 3.82%~12.53%.

Effects of exogenous addition of cadmium on cadmium speciation in hyperaccumulator of Sedum alfredii Hance

Continuous chemical extraction is considered to be one of the most common methods for the extraction of heavy metals speciations in plants. However, the basis for the extraction order of this method is not explained and has been rarely studied. In this paper, we analyzed the speciations of cadmium in plants by a four-step continuous extraction method. The extraction sequence of ethanol and water was studied to study the effect of extraction sequence on the extraction rate of extraction agent. The results showed that cadmium exists mostly in NaCl extraction state and the extraction rate of the two kinds of extraction agents decreased when the order of ethanol and water was changed.

Highly Efficient Extraction Procedures Based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents or Ionic Liquids for Determination of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Spinach

A novel, efficient extraction procedure based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and ionic liquids (ILs) for determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) in spinach has been developed. NADES, the first green extraction agent, with different hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are screened in order to determine extraction efficiencies. NADES consisting of lactic acid and levulinic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1 exhibits the highest yields. ILs, the second green extraction agent, with various cations and anions are also investigated, where [TEA] [OAc]·AcOH, χAcOH = 0.75 displays the highest recovery. Moreover, NADES-SLE and IL-SLE (SLE, solid-liquid extraction) parameters are investigated. Using the obtained optimized method, the recoveries of the target compound in spinach are above 93% and 88% for NADES-SLE and IL-SLE procedure, respectively. The methods display good linearity within the range of 0.5–30 μg/g and LODs of 0.17 µg/g. The proposed NADES-SLE-UHPLC-UV and IL-SLE-UHPLC-UV procedures can be applied to the analysis of 20-E in real spinach samples, making it a potentially promising technique for food matrix. The main advantage of this study is the superior efficiency of the new, green extraction solvents, which results in a significant reduction of extraction time and solvents as compared to those in the literature.

Soil Organic Matter Degradation in Long-Term Maize Cultivation and Insufficient Organic Fertilization

Soil organic matter carbon (CSOM) compounds degradation was observed in long-term field experiments with silage maize monoculture. Over a period of 26 years, the content of carbon in topsoil decreased by 22% in control unfertilized plots compared to 25% and 26% in treatments fertilized annually with mineral nitrogen. With annual wheat straw application (together with mineral N), the content of CSOM decreased by 8%. Contrary to that, the annual application of farmyard manure resulted in a CSOM increase of 16%. The ratio of carbon produced by maize related to total topsoil CSOM content ranged between 8.1–11.8%. In plots with mineral N fertilization, this ratio was always higher than in the unfertilized control plots. With the weaker soil extraction agent (CaCl2), the ratio of carbon produced by maize was determined to be 17.9–20.7%. With stronger extraction agent (pyrophosphate) it was only 10.2–14.6%. This shows that maize produced mostly unstable carbon compounds. Mineral N application resulted in stronger mineralization of original and stable organic matter compared to the unfertilized control. However, the increase of maize-produced carbon content in fertilized plots did not compensate for the decrease of “old” organic matter. As a result, a tendency to decrease total CSOM content in plots with mineral N applied was observed.