Ex Situ Conservation of Vegetatively Propagated Species: Development of a Seed-based Core Collection for Malus sieversii

Seeds and scionwood of Malus sieversii Lebed. have been collected from wild populations of apple trees in Kazakhstan. Seedlings and grafted trees were planted in the orchards at the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Plant Genetic Resources Unit in Geneva, N.Y. We developed core collections to capture the genetic and phenotypic diversity represented in the trees from each of two of the Kazakhstan collection sites. These core collections capture more than 90% of the genetic diversity of the original populations, as determined using seven unlinked simple sequence repeat markers and 19 quantitative traits. Since phenotypic evaluations of these materials have been completed, the 35 trees within each population will be used as parents in crosses so that the genetic diversity in the orchard populations can be captured as seed for long-term ex situ conservation. This strategy of storing seeds, rather than maintaining costly field collections, could be applied to other collections of wild plant materials in the National Plant Germplasm System.

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A Critical Review of the Current Global Ex Situ Conservation System for Plant Agrobiodiversity. I. History of the Development of the Global System in the Context of the Political/Legal Framework and Its Major Conservation Components

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081557 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1557

Author(s):

Johannes M. M. Engels ◽

Andreas W. Ebert

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Genetic Erosion ◽

Ex Situ ◽

The Political ◽

International Network ◽

Global Conservation ◽

History Of

The history of ex situ conservation is relatively short, not more than a century old. During the middle of last century, triggered by the realization that genetic erosion was threatening the existing landraces and wild relatives of the major food crops, global efforts to collect and conserve the genetic diversity of these threatened resources were initiated, predominantly orchestrated by FAO. National and international genebanks were established to store and maintain germplasm materials, conservation methodologies were created, standards developed, and coordinating efforts were put in place to ensure effective and efficient approaches and collaboration. In the spontaneously developing global conservation system, plant breeders played an important role, aiming at the availability of genetic diversity in their breeding work. Furthermore, long-term conservation and the safety of the collected materials were the other two overriding criteria that led to the emerging international network of ex situ base collections. The political framework for the conservation of plant genetic resources finds its roots in the International Undertaking of the FAO and became ‘turbulent rapid’ with the conclusion of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper reviews the history of the global ex situ conservation system with a focus on the international network of base collections. It assesses the major ex situ conservation approaches and methods with their strengths and weaknesses with respect to the global conservation system and highlights the importance of combining in situ and ex situ conservation.

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Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plant genetic resources managed by national agrobiodiversity center of Korea

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-0032-1320321 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (11) ◽

Author(s):

JS Sung ◽

CW Jeong ◽

YY Lee ◽

HS Lee ◽

YA Jeon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ

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Cryopreservation of Woody Crops: The Avocado Case

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10050934 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 934

Author(s):

Chris O’Brien ◽

Jayeni Hiti-Bandaralage ◽

Raquel Folgado ◽

Alice Hayward ◽

Sean Lahmeyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Recalcitrant Seed ◽

In Vitro Storage ◽

Germplasm Collections ◽

Seed Crops

Recent development and implementation of crop cryopreservation protocols has increased the capacity to maintain recalcitrant seeded germplasm collections via cryopreserved in vitro material. To preserve the greatest possible plant genetic resources globally for future food security and breeding programs, it is essential to integrate in situ and ex situ conservation methods into a cohesive conservation plan. In vitro storage using tissue culture and cryopreservation techniques offers promising complementary tools that can be used to promote this approach. These techniques can be employed for crops difficult or impossible to maintain in seed banks for long-term conservation. This includes woody perennial plants, recalcitrant seed crops or crops with no seeds at all and vegetatively or clonally propagated crops where seeds are not true-to-type. Many of the world’s most important crops for food, nutrition and livelihoods, are vegetatively propagated or have recalcitrant seeds. This review will look at ex situ conservation, namely field repositories and in vitro storage for some of these economically important crops, focusing on conservation strategies for avocado. To date, cultivar-specific multiplication protocols have been established for maintaining multiple avocado cultivars in tissue culture. Cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos and somatic embryogenesis have been successful. In addition, a shoot-tip cryopreservation protocol has been developed for cryo-storage and regeneration of true-to-type clonal avocado plants.

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In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge

Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge for Food Security ◽

10.1007/978-981-10-0060-7_8 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 137-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Deepak Rajpurohit ◽

Tripta Jhang

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Traditional Knowledge ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ

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Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges

Plant genetic resources: A review of current research and future needs - Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science ◽

10.19103/as.2020.0085.12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 139-154

Author(s):

Paula Bramel ◽

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Crop Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ Collections ◽

Key Issues ◽

Market Preference ◽

The Impact

This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in market preference, and the impact of climate change. Efforts have been made to secure plant genetic resources ex situ for future use but there are significant issues related to cost effective, efficient, secure, rational, and sustainable long-term ex situ conservation. It begins by addressing issues for the composition of ex situ collections and moves on to discuss issues for routine operations for conservation. The chapter also highlights issues for the use of conserved genetic resources, before concluding with a summary of why the development of sustainable genebank systems is so important.

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MOLECULAR GENOME ANALYSES AS TOOLS FOR EFFICIENT EX SITU-CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2003.623.16 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 151-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K.J. Dehmer

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Genome Analyses

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Genetic diversity among and within populations of Raphanus raphanistrum and Brassica tournefortii (Brassicaceae) in Israel: a case study for planning ex situ conservation program of crop wild relatives

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.1163/22238980-00001027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (3-4) ◽

pp. 153-160

Author(s):

Oz Barazani ◽

Nir Hanin ◽

Prabodh Kumar Bajpai ◽

Yoni Waitz ◽

Michal Barzilai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Reproductive Biology ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Crop Wild Relatives ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Habitat Characteristics ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽

Brassica Tournefortii

The winter annuals Brassica tournefortii and Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) share similar habitats and life-history traits, but differ in their reproduction system (self-compatibility vs. self-incompatibility, respectively). The two phylogenetically close species offer means to assess the effect of reproductive biology on genetic diversity between and within populations. In general, genetic diversity between populations of B. tournefortii was higher than that found between populations of R. raphanistrum, while higher genetic diversity indices were evident within populations of R. raphanistrum. In addition, the results of pairwise genetic distances indicated that the genetic distances between populations can be associated to the species’ reproductive biology and not to the population’s distribution pattern. We discuss whether knowledge of reproductive and habitat characteristics can be used to predict genetic diversity when planning sampling scheme for ex situ conservation.

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In situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses of crop wild relatives from Malawi

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution ◽

10.1007/s10722-020-01021-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nolipher Khaki Mponya ◽

Tembo Chanyenga ◽

Joana Magos Brehm ◽

Nigel Maxted

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Crop Wild Relatives ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Grid Cells ◽

Ex Situ Collections ◽

Minimum Number

Abstract The study analysed the conservation gaps of the priority crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa for Malawi in order to contribute to the development of a harmonized conservation strategy that helps secure the priority CWR under in situ and ex situ. We used taxa distribution modelling, complementarity analysis and ecogeographic land characterization map to analyse spatial diversity and distribution of 123 priority taxa across different adaptive scenarios. We identified areas of observed and predicted richness, the minimum number of protected areas (PAs) that conserve the broadest ecogeographic diversity in situ and the minimum number of grid cells that capture highest diversity outside PAs to recommend the establishment of genetic reserves. We then analysed the representativeness of the conserved ecogeographic diversity of target taxa in ex situ collections to identify ex situ conservation gaps and advise for priority areas for ex situ collections. For the 123 taxa, 70.7% of the total diversity occurs in 36 PAs with 66.8% of the diversity captured in only 10 complementary PAs. Outside PAs, the broadest diversity was conserved in three grid cells of size 5 × 5 km. Fifty-three of 123 taxa have ex situ collections with only three taxa having ex situ collections at the Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The findings of this study will guide formulation of conservation actions for the priority taxa as well as lobbying for active conservation of the same under in situ and ex situ.

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