Classical Competition and Freedom of Contract in American Laissez Faire Constitutionalism

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giocoli
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
Classical Competition

English Competition Law Before 1900

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Sherman Act ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
English Law ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The 19Th Century

English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.

The Limits of Freedom of Contract in the Age of Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism

1999 ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
GREGORY S. ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Laissez Faire

scholarly journals ITIKAD BAIK DALAM BERKONTRAK

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminah Tanjung
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Laissez Faire

Kebebasan berkontrak didasari idiologi individualismeKebebasan berkontrak, hingga kini tetap menjadi asas penting dalam sistem hukum kontrak baik dalam sistem civil law, common law, maupun system hukum lainnya. Asas kebebasan berkontrak dalam sistem hukum sipil dan common law lahir dan berkembang seiring dengan pertumbuhan aliran filsafat yang menekan semangat individualisme dan pasar bebas. Pada abad 19 kebebasan berkontrak sangat diagungkan baik para filosup ekonomi mendominasi teori hukum kontrak. Inti permasalah hukum kontrak lebih tertuju kepada realisasi kebebasan berkontrak daripada nilai-nilai keadilan dalam putusan-putusannya peraturan melalui legilasi pun memiliki kecenderungan yang sama. Pada saat itu, kebebasan berkontrak memiliki kecenderungan ke arah kebebasan tanpa batas (Understriced Freedom of Contract). Pada masa itu kebebasan berkontrak menjadi paradigma baru dalam hukum kontrak.Keberadaan asas kebebasan berkontrak tersebut tidak dapat di lepas dari pengaruh berbagai aliran filsafat politik dan ekonomi berkembang pada abad ke 19. Dalam bidang ekonomi aliran laissez faire yang dipelopori Adam Smith yang menekan prinsip non interpensi oleh pemerintah terhadap kegiatan ekonomi bekerjanya pasar. Kata Kunci : Iktikad Baik Dalam Kebebasan Berkontrak

Ethische Führung – Gütekriterien einer deutschen Adaptation der Ethical Leadership Scale (ELS-D) von

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Rowold ◽  
Lars Borgmann ◽  
Kathrin Heinitz
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
Ethical Leadership Scale

Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist, die Gütekriterien eines Instruments zur Erfassung von ethischer Führung zu überprüfen. Ausgangspunkt war die Übersetzung der Ethical Leadership Scale von Brown, Trevino und Harrison (2005) ins Deutsche (ELS-D). Anschließend wurde anhand dreier Stichproben (N1 = 100, N2 = 119, N3 = 507) die faktorielle Binnenstruktur des Instrumentes überprüft. Es ergaben sich zwei Faktoren (ethische Mitarbeiterführung und ethisches Rollenmodell). Es zeigten sich konvergente Validitäten zwischen den Skalen ethischer Führung und transformationaler, transaktionaler, mitarbeiter- und aufgabenorientierter Führung (positive Korrelationen) sowie Laissez-faire (negative Korrelation). Demgegenüber waren die Skalen ethischer Führung erwartungskonform überwiegend unabhängig vom Alter der geführten Mitarbeiter und vom Geschlecht der Führungskraft. Hohe Zusammenhänge zwischen ethischer Führung und der Arbeitszufriedenheit sowie dem Commitment der Mitarbeiter werden als Belege für die Konstruktvalidität gewertet. Die interne Konsistenz der ELS-D-Skalen war in allen drei empirischen Studien gut. Insgesamt steht mit der hier vorgestellten deutschen Adaptation der ELS ein ökonomisches Instrument mit ansprechenden Gütekriterien für den Einsatz bereit.

The Education of Research Psychologists in Sweden

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Larsson ◽  
Josef Frischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
Science Department ◽  
Research Education ◽  
The Core ◽  
Social Science Department ◽  
Learning Alliance ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The Government

The education of researchers in Sweden is regulated by a nationwide reform implemented in 1969, which intended to limit doctoral programs to 4 years without diminishing quality. In an audit performed by the government in 1996, however, it was concluded that the reform had failed. Some 80% of the doctoral students admitted had dropped out, and only 1% finished their PhD degree within the stipulated 4 years. In an attempt to determine the causes of this situation, we singled out a social-science department at a major Swedish university and interviewed those doctoral students who had dropped out of the program. This department was found to be representative of the nationwide figures found in the audit. The students interviewed had all completed at least 50% of their PhD studies and had declared themselves as dropouts from this department. We conclude that the entire research education was characterized by a laissez-faire attitude where supervisors were nominated but abdicated. To correct this situation, we suggest that a learning alliance should be established between the supervisor and the student. At the core of the learning alliance is the notion of mutually forming a platform form which work can emerge in common collaboration. The learning alliance implies a contract for work, stating its goals, the tasks to reach these goals, and the interpersonal bonding needed to give force and endurance to the endeavor. Constant scrutiny of this contract and a mutual concern for the learning alliance alone can contribute to its strength.

Verhältnismäßigkeit in der Pandemie: Geht das?

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Bernd Raffelhüschen
Keyword(s):  
Laissez Faire

Angesichts der sich abzeichnenden wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Corona-Pandemie in Deutschland, stellt sich die Frage ob die Reaktionen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie die wirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen ausreichend berücksichtigt haben. Während durch den „Lockdown“ unter Berücksichtigung der Vorerkrankungen etwa 180.000 Lebensjahre gewonnen werden konnten, zeigt dieser Beitrag, dass das Aussetzen des medizinisch-technischem Fortschritt durch den Wachstumseinbruch mindestens 3,7 Millionen Lebensjahre kosten könnte. Eine dem Prinzip der Verhältnismäßigkeit genügende Laissez-faire-Strategie à la Schweden wäre allerdings ebenfalls nicht zielführend gewesen – zumindest dann nicht, wenn nicht alle gemeinsam dieser Strategie gefolgt wären. Für die Zukunft ist daher ein weltweit koordiniertes Vorgehen – oder zumindest eine engere Zusammenarbeit zwischen den wirtschaftlich intensiv verflochtenen Ökonomien – absolut notwendig.

The Sociology of Laissez-Faire Conservatism: Sumner

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-273
Author(s):  
Gergely Egedy
Keyword(s):  
Laissez Faire

ON CONSTRUCT OF THE RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION IN RESPECT OF PARTICIPATORY INTEREST (SHARES)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-219
Author(s):  
I.S. CHUPRUNOV
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Constitutive Theory ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Public Corporation ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Right Of First Refusal ◽  
The Right

The paper provides analysis of the legal nature and the mechanism for exercise of the right of pre-emption (right of first refusal) in respect of execution of a contract taking as an example of right of first refusal to purchase a stake in a non-public corporation, and also examines the boundaries of parties’ autonomy and freedom of contract in this area. The author comes to the conclusion that the key elements of the construction of the right of pre-emption are the transformation powers that belong to the right holder. The author also demonstrates that, notwithstanding their dominance in Russian law, the views, which suggest that exercise of the right of pre-emption leads to “transfer of rights and obligations of a purchaser” (the translative theory), should be rejected. These views must be replaced with the constitutive theory, according to which exercise of the right of pre-emption results in a new contract between the right holder and the seller (as a general rule, on the same terms that were agreed between the seller and the purchaser).

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