CONTRADICTION TO THE PUBLIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A GROUND FOR CANCELLATION OF THE DECISION OF THE ARBITRATION COURT AND REFUSAL TO ISSUE A WRIT OF EXECUTION

The contradiction with the public order of the Russian Federation is an unconditional basis for cancellation of the decision of the arbitration court and refusal to issue a writ of execution. What is meant by the public policy? There is no definition in the legislation. According to the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation under the public policy are understood the fundamental legal principles (principles) having the highest imperative and universality. Study and analysis of the practice of consideration and resolution of cases about the cancellation of arbitration court decisions and refusal to issue writs of execution by arbitration courts and courts of general jurisdiction shows that the content of the concept of public policy in view of the abstract nature of normativity, inherent in the concept of fundamental principles of Russian law, is interpreted by judicial practice very widely. Since establishing in what cases the decision of an arbitration court violates the fundamental principles of Russian law, and hence the public policy of the Russian Federation, refers to the discretion of the court considering the case, and the boundaries of application of this ground for reversal of decision are determined by the discretion of the court in the context of the specific circumstances of the case. The article also concludes that the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which lies in the fact that since the arbitration courts do not exercise judicial power and are not part of the judicial system of the Russian Federation, the state courts are not empowered to verify the legality of decisions of arbitration courts, which involves identifying the correctness of interpretation and application of law by the court of arbitration, must be understood systematically. According to the author, it is necessary to take into account that the function of state courts to control arbitration proceedings consists, among other things, in ensuring compliance of the results of arbitration proceedings with fundamental legal values, which include the legality of decisions rendered by arbitration courts in terms of interpretation and application of rules of law.

The Procedure for the Official Publishing of Regulatory Legal Acts as a Source of Russian Law

The article is aimed at the study of the procedure for publishing of regulatory legal acts in accordance with Russian legislation. Normative legal acts affecting the rights, freedoms and duties of man and citizen are the most important source of Russian law and should be officially published. It is with this fact that the law connects their entry into force. Given that there are no legal definitions of a regulatory legal act, official text, publication, problems arise in law enforcement practice. In addition, the diversity of normative acts by the level of their adoption indicates the diversity of sources of their official publication. This scientific article has been delivered in order to determine the rules for the publishing of laws and other regulations, national and international documents. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve legislation in field and the legal definition of the concepts under study.

CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE AS A CONDITION OF CRIMINAL INCULTURATION OF PENAL OFFICERS OF RUSSIA AND ISSUES OF COUNTERING IT

В данной статье авторы раскрывают проблему противодействия профессиональной деформации сотрудников правоохранительных органов путем их приобщения к тюремной субкультуре, идеологии «АУЕ» (криминальная инкультурация) начиная от зарождения девиантных мыслей до совершения преступлений, а также рассматривают некоторые вопросы детерминации и профилактики данного явления. Авторы отмечают, что приобщение сотрудников правоохранительной системы России к идеям криминального мира является следствием одного из направлений тщательно продуманной деятельности криминальных авторитетов, находящихся как в местах лишения свободы, так и на свободе, в отношении действующих сотрудников силовых структур. В статье рассматривается возможность привлечения сотрудников к ответственности по ч. 3 ст. 282. 2 УК РФ (Участие в деятельности экстремистской организации с использованием лицом своего служебного положения). Авторами подчеркивается важность уголовно-правового предупреждения в рассматриваемом вопросе. В заключение авторы отмечают необходимость четкого разграничения таких неприемлемых идейных взгляды сотрудников ведомственных структур, как принятие, тяготение, приобщение, поддержание, потворствование, распространение и привнесение в служебно-деловое и бытовое общение норм тюремной субкультуры, с общечеловеческими понятиями: сочувствием, пониманием, сопереживанием, чуткостью, взаимоуважением, взаимопомощью, которые также могут проявляться в работе и с лицами, совершившими преступления. In this article, the author reveals the problem of professional deformation of law enforcement officers by introducing them to the prison subculture, the ideology of «AUE» (criminal inculturation), starting from the inception of deviant thoughts to the commission of crimes by them, and also considers some issues of the determination and prevention of this phenomenon. The authors note that the introduction of the Russian law enforcement system to the ideas of the criminal world is a consequence of one of the directions of carefully thought-out activities of criminal authorities, both in places of imprisonment and at large, in relation to the current employees of law enforcement agencies. The article considers the possibility of bringing employees to responsibility under Part 3 of Article 282.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Participation in the activities of an extremist organization using a person's official position). The authors emphasize the importance of criminal law prevention in the issue under consideration. In conclusion, the authors note the need for a clear distinction between such unacceptable ideological views of employees of departmental structures as acceptance, attraction, communion, maintenance, indulgence, dissemination and introduction into official, business and everyday communication of the norms of the prison subculture, with universal concepts: sympathy, understanding, empathy, sensitivity, mutual respect, mutual assistance, which can also manifest themselves in working with persons who have committed crimes.

Urgent applications in French administrative justice

The institute of urgent judicial decisions is a special procedure for administrative justice bodies in France, which allows to prescribe effectively and quickly a wide range of necessary measures (from the appointment of expert examinations to the suspension of normative administrative acts) and to protect the legitimate interests of individuals and organizations. There are two main categories of urgent judicial decisions, accordingly their functional purpose. The procedural features of urgent judicial decisions are related to the obligation of the French administrative courts to establish conditions for urgency and the need to prescribe certain measures as a matter of urgency. These criteria, being evaluative, are specified by the jurisprudence of the French administrative courts, according to which the judge determines whether there is a threat of causing immediate and sufficiently serious harm to the interests of the applicant and whether there is a need to take urgent measures, taking into account the circumstances of the case. At the same time, the urgent applications judge does not consider the case, but sets temporary measures that can be changed in the course of further proceedings. The article suggests creating mechanisms in Russian law that are similar to those existing in the French legal regulation of urgent judicial decisions in administrative cases. In particular, the author suggests expanding the powers of Russian courts to suspend normative administrative acts and individual decisions when courts take measures of preliminary protection in administrative claims.

Ideological Concepts in ‘Formalism, Decisionism and Conservatism in Russian Law’ (2021) by Mikhail Antonov

The present review analyses key ideas of professor Mikhail Antonov’s 2021 book on formalism, decisionism and conservatism in Russian Law. This review essay is written in the form of an imaginary dialogue between the reviewer (a political philosopher) and the author (legal philosopher). Its main aim is to explore legal dimensions of Russia’s new ideology of conservatism. Divided into five sections, it covers five conceptual foundations of the book – sovereigntism, statism, collectivism, civilizationism and exceptionalism. This review essay also examines the links between the respective ideas of legal philosophy of Mikhail Antonov and an overview of arguments from the contemporary political and critical international theory, aiming to engage in a critical discussion with the author about Russia’s insecure collective identity.

THE SPECIFIC OF HIERARCHICAL COLLISIONS RESOLUTION IN RUSSIAN LAW

Статья посвящена рассмотрению особенностей и формулированию практических рекомендаций по разрешению иерархических юридических коллизий в российском праве. Автор статьи предлагает трактовать иерархическую (субординационную) юридическую коллизию расширительно: не только как противоречие между двумя или более нормативно-правовыми актами, но и как возможное противоречие между правовыми актами разных типов, включая правоприменительные (индивидуальные) и интерпретационные акты. Подчеркивается, что базовым правилом разрешения любой иерархической юридической коллизии должно быть правило юридической силы. В то же время в настоящий момент в российском праве нормы, определяющие данное понятие, а равно устанавливающие четкие механизмы преодоления юридических коллизий, включая иерархические, отсутствуют. Под юридической силой предлагается понимать особое свойство правовых актов, благодаря наличию которого данные акты формируют иерархию, и нижестоящие акты вышестоящим противоречить не могут. Выдвигается тезис о том, что не типичные иерархические коллизии в праве (коллизии между нормативно-правовым актом, с одной стороны, и правоприменительным или интерпретационным актом, с другой, а равно несколькими правоприменительными и (или) интерпретационными актами между собой) как разновидность иерархической юридической коллизии должны разрешаться с обязательным использованием правила юридической силы. То есть акты нормативного толкования и правоприменения должны быть приравнены по юридической силе к интерпретируемым и применяемым актам. Именно такой путь позволит избежать остановок в работе механизма реализации права, которых, как известно, современное правовое государство позволить себе не может. The article is devoted to the consideration of the features and the development of practical recommendations for resolving hierarchical legal collisions in Russian law. The author of the article proposes to interpret the hierarchical legal collision broadly, not only as a contradiction between regulatory legal acts, but also as a possible contradiction between legal acts of different types. It is emphasized that the basic rule for resolving any hierarchical legal collision should be the rule of legal force. However, at the moment in Russian law there are no norms defining this concept, as well as establishing clear mechanisms for overcoming legal conflicts, including hierarchical ones. It is proposed to understand legal force as a special property of legal acts, due to the presence of which these acts form a hierarchy, and lower-level acts cannot contradict higher-level ones. The thesis is put forward that non-typical hierarchical collisions in law should also be resolved with the obligatory use of the rule of legal force. This means that the acts of normative interpretation and law enforcement should be equated in legal force with the interpreted and applied acts. This is the way to avoid stoppages in the work of the mechanism for the implementation of the law, which, as you know, the modern constitutional state cannot afford.

Specific Features of Protection Against Computer-Aided Criminal Infringements on Cashless (Electronic) Funds in Contemporary Criminal Legislations of Belarus and Russia

The dominance of a distance form of interactions in modern conditions resulted in an increase in operations with cashless (electronic) funds, which led to a growth of the number of acquisitive cybercrimes. The author examines criminal law measures of protecting cashless (electronic) funds against criminal infringements in the cybersphere and conducts legal analysis of regulations on acquisitive crimes against property and information security reflected in criminal legislations of Belarus and Russia. Special attention is paid to the characteristic features of protection measures against acquisitive cybercrimes involving cashless (electronic) funds in modern criminal legislations of Belarus and Russia. Current Belarus legislation differentiates criminal liability using unified criteria (method and property size) within the same corpus delicti of three crimes in Ch. 24 and 31 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus. In the Russian legislation, the differentiation of criminal liability is based on three criteria (size, type of money or method) within five corpora delicti in Ch. 21 and 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author specifically states that the use of such a differentiation approach in determining liability for online theft of cashless money in the norms of Russian criminal law leads, firstly, to considerable difficulties in determining the forms and specific criteria of such theft and, secondly, to the application of more (or less) severe measures of punishment for identical crimes. Using a detailed comparative analysis of modern criminal legislations of Belarus and Russia regarding online criminal infringements against cashless (electronic) money, the author draws a conclusion on the use of regulations in the Russian law that would make it possible to fully take into account various specific features of online infringements on cashless (electronic) money and to apply unified criteria for the differentiation of criminal liability within one corpus delicti, for example, in the form of theft in the sphere of computer information whose modus operandi is thoroughly described in one of the norms on computer crimes in Art. 159.6 of the Criminal Code of Russia.

The Concept and Characteristics of an Entrepreneurial Group as a Special Subject of Legal Relationship of Insolvency (Bankruptcy)

The modern property turnover is characterized by the presence of a large number of integration associations of economic entities and the existence of relations of economic dependence between them. At the same time, the legal status of such associations is not defined in Russian law due to the dominance of the traditional civilistic approach that presupposes the legal independence of each participant in entrepreneurial activity. In turn, this leads to significant violations of the rights of creditors of such interconnected persons. This is especially evident in the legal relationship of insolvency (bankruptcy), where opposing interests of the parties collide. Moreover, the insolvency of one member of the association may lead to the insolvency of the entire association as a whole. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of such a new legal category in insolvency law as an entrepreneurial group. The paper examines the rules of Russian law governing the relations of economic dependence between the subjects of property relations, and the main doctrinal approaches to this problem. The paper examines various approaches to the legal definition of an entrepreneurial group in other legal orders and highlights the characteristic features of this legal category. The conclusion is made about the absence of a systematic approach in the Russian legal system to understanding the forms of economic dependence between the participants of property turnover. The author provides a new concept of an entrepreneurial group and explains the necessity of its introduction into the Federal Law of 26.10.2002 No. 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)".