Payment Platforms and Pricing: When Does a 'One Price Rule' Help Consumers?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Fengshi Niu ◽  
Alexander White
Keyword(s):  
Price Rule

Inconsistent application of the SEC’s “all holders‐best price” rule continues to chill tender offers

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Clifford E. Neimeth
Keyword(s):  
Tender Offers ◽  
Price Rule

Appraising the Scope and Application of the Market-Price Rule in Upheld Contracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-276
Author(s):  
Paul Nkoane
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
Latent Defects ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Price Rule

The use of the market price for determining liability in contract lacks dedicated attention in South African law. Even far scanter is the holistic literature on the use of the market-price rule in contracts that are not terminated on breach of contract. Although, there has been suggestions that the market-price rule can be used to determine damages in upheld contracts, this was never technically demonstrated. Thus, the argument that the market-price rule can be used in contracts that are not terminated remains moot. This article presents various methods that illustrate how the market-price rule should apply in upheld contracts. The article undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the market-price rule to determine its efficacy in contracts that are not terminated, with the focus on the determination of the degree of liability. Regarding the determination of liability, the article to some extent discusses contracts with latent defects and those with items of questionable quality. Various methods and techniques are discussed to enlighten about how the market price can affect the determination of liability in upheld contracts, and to illustrate that this principle is suitable for determining damages in contracts that are not terminated.

Innovative Contracting for Pharmaceuticals and Medicaid's Best-Price Rule

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Sachs ◽  
Nicholas Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Price Rule ◽  
Innovative Contracting

scholarly journals Market Performance Implications of the Transfer Price Rule

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Martin ◽  
Jan Vandekerckhove
Keyword(s):  
Market Performance ◽  
Transfer Price ◽  
Price Rule

scholarly journals Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin S Lee ◽  
Tim Wu
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Internet Service Providers ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Content Creation ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
Price Rule ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

This paper focuses on the pricing aspect of the “net neutrality” debate—in particular, the de facto ban on fees levied by Internet service providers on content providers to reach users. This “zero-price” rule may prove desirable for several reasons. Using a two-sided market analysis, we suggest that it subsidizes creativity and innovation in new content creation—goals shared by copyright and patent laws. The rule also helps to solve a coordination problem: since Internet service providers do not completely internalize the effects of their own pricing decisions, lack of regulation may lead to even higher fees charged by all. Finally, allowing for such fees runs the risk of creating horizontally differentiated Internet service providers with different libraries of accessible content, thereby foreclosing consumers and leading to Internet fragmentation.

scholarly journals Monopoly Pricing under a Medicaid-Style Most-Favored-Customer Clause and Its Welfare Implication

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Klibanoff ◽  
Tapas Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Rule Model ◽  
Monopoly Pricing ◽  
Minimum Price ◽  
Price Rule ◽  
Optimal Pricing Strategy ◽  
The Difference

Abstract To control Medicaid's expenditure on prescription drugs, 1990 legislation established a rebate program guaranteeing Medicaid a rebate on each unit purchased by Medicaid participants. The rebate is the difference between the minimum price and the average manufacturer price (minimum price rule) or a proportion of the average manufacturer price (average price rule). We characterize the optimal pricing strategy of a third-degree price discriminating monopolist under these rules. Under the minimum price rule, the minimum price gross of rebate always increases whereas prices gross of rebate in at least some of the markets always decrease. In contrast, under the average price rule, these prices may move in the same direction in all markets, with all increasing in some circumstances and all decreasing in others. We also examine the effects of such provisions on social welfare. We analyze a modified version of our minimum price rule model suitable for applications beyond Medicaid.

scholarly journals On the Way to Integrate Increasing Shares of Variable Renewables in China: Experience from Flexibility Modification and Deep Peak Regulation Ancillary Service Market Based on MILP-UC Programming

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2446
Author(s):  
Yinhe Bu ◽  
Xingping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Unit Commitment ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Ancillary Service ◽  
Unit Commitment Problem ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Price Rule ◽  
Commitment Problem ◽  
The Government ◽  
Price Differences

China has declared ambitious carbon emission reduction targets and will integrate increasing shares of variable renewables for the next decades. The implementation for flexibility modification of thermal power units and deep peak regulation ancillary service market alleviates the contradiction between rapid capacity growth and limited system flexibility. This paper establishes three flexibility modification schemes and two price rules for simulation and proposes an analysis framework for unit commitment problem based on mixed-integer linear programming to evaluate the policy mix effects. Results confirm the promoting effects of flexibility modification on integrating variable renewables and illustrate diverse scheme selections under different renewables curtailment. Particularly, there is no need for selecting expensive schemes which contain more modified units and more developed flexibility, unless the curtailment decrement is compulsorily stipulated or worth for added modification cost. Similarly, results also prove the revenue loss compensation effect of deep peak regulation ancillary service market and illustrate diverse price rule selections under different curtailment intervals. Price rule with more subdivided load intervals and bigger price differences among them is more effective, especially under the higher requirement for curtailment rate. Therefore, the government should further enlarge flexibility modification via but not limited to more targeted compensation price, while generators should further consider a demand-based investment.

scholarly journals Using Breach Experiments to Explore Price Setting in Everyday Economic Locations

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-30
Author(s):  
Daniel Neyland ◽  
Marta Gasparin ◽  
Lucia Siu
Keyword(s):  
Price Setting ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Price Rule ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Flea Market

This paper draws inspiration from the breach experiments of Garfinkel as a basis for exploring the naturally occurring order of price setting in locations without an institutionalised single price rule. We organised two experiments (at a flea market in Copenhagen and boot sale in Oxford) to study price setting. The findings suggest that members of price setting interactions accountably, demonstrably and reflexively accomplish a regularly repeated order to price setting through constitutive expectancies and the congruence of relevances that are made available within interactions. In conclusion we suggest that our experiments proved to have analytic utility in bringing gently structured comparisons to the fore. The experiments provided us with the opportunity to engage with the basis for price setting in different everyday economic locations and we felt that this was the opening to a mode of research that has future potential.

scholarly journals Market Performance Implications of the Transfer Price Rule

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Martin ◽  
Jan Vandekerckhove
Keyword(s):  
Market Performance ◽  
Transfer Price ◽  
Price Rule
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