A price discrimination based Cournot game model for high-speed rail and airline

This study investigates the competitive game between high-speed rail and airline on price, profit and social welfare, taking into account the airline price discrimination. We build a multi-level price competition pricing Cournot model for high-speed rail and airline to shed light on the HSR-air transport competition impact of pricing discrimination when airline could offer multi-level class seats, and analyze the optimal pricing strategy of airlines and high-speed rail operators and their impact on social welfare. The analytical results demonstrate that: airline price dis-crimination will increase social welfare and reduce consumer surplus, both airfare and airline profit increase as the degree of price discrimination increases welfare. However, HSR fare and profit decreases with the increase of the degree of price discrimination.

Channel choice and coordination of fresh agricultural products supply chain

By constructing a dual-channel fresh agricultural product (FAP) supply chain consisting of a retailer and a supplier, this paper considers the effect of fresh-keeping level on the freshness of perishable products and constructs a time-varying demand function based on freshness. The operating cost of the internet channel to the supplier has also been considered in the model. Optimal pricing strategy and profits of supply chain members under dual channels are investigated respectively in this paper. Comparing the optimal profit under traditional single-channel and dual-channel supply chain, we obtain the condition that the internet operating cost should satisfy. Given the situation where the supplier obtains profit while the retailer loses after the supplier introduced the internet channel, this paper proposes a revenue-sharing contract to make up for the loss of the retailer and achieves a win-win situation. Research shows that in the numerical analysis the supplier’s and the retailer’s profit can only be improved when the operating cost of the internet channel c 0 and revenue-sharing ratio ψ are within a certain range. When ψ ≥ 0.4 and 0 ≤ c 0 ≤ [[EQUATION]] , Pareto improvement will be attained on both sides in the supply chain.

ANALYSIS OF MARKETING PRICE STRATEGIES OF ENTERPRISES

Pricing strategy acts as an intermediary between the consumer and the producer. Therefore, its formation is of great importance and belongs to the key section of marketing. Businesses do not always have a broad enough theoretical knowledge to comprehensively formulate their pricing strategy, but there is already a great variety of them. There is a need to group pricing strategies by key features for easy formation of the company's own pricing strategy based on the analysis of these features. The choice of pricing strategy depends on many factors. Pricing strategy should be an effective tool of competition, so it must be optimally combined with other strategies. It is proposed to analyze the most optimal pricing strategy, using their grouping into four groups: commodity, behavioral, target and price. Forming a pricing strategy for a particular company, it is advisable to select tools based on a step-by-step analysis of each of the proposed four groups: product analysis; goal analysis; analysis of the behavior of the business entity; analysis of price characteristics. At the first stage it is necessary to study in detail the product itself (new, modernized, traditional) and its quality (high, medium, low). Some recommendations for the choice of tools are offered, taking into account the possible consequences. In the second stage, it is advisable to compare their own strategic development goals with the existing and desired level of demand. The management of the entity should conduct a comprehensive market research. The third stage involves the analysis of the behavior of the entity: both existing and desired (market positioning). The fourth stage involves the analysis of the price by type, volume, dynamics, cost recovery. Some tools in this group of strategies are relatively unfair to the consumer. Before the final implementation of the formed pricing strategy it is necessary to consider the influence of environmental factors. The directions of optimization of the price strategy are outlined: interaction of pricing with other strategies, constant adjustment of the strategy under the influence of competition and demand, modeling, focus on foreign practice and the correct choice of methods of price regulation.

Modelling dual-channel closed-loop supply chain considering production diseconomies

This paper studies the pricing selection and coordination strategies for dual-channel closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) considering production diseconomies. Under the centralized and decentralized decision-making, the decision models of CLSC of retailer recycling was constructed, the effects of the manufacturer’s production diseconomy and the sales competition between manufacturer and retailer on new product pricing and waste product recycling were analysed, the optimal pricing strategy of dual-channel CLSC was given, and a “two-part tariff” coordination contract was established based on centralized decision-making. The results indicate that the profits of each member are negatively correlated with the production diseconomy and positively correlated with the degree of sales competition, the direct sales volume of manufacturer is always more than twice that of retailer, and the stronger the competition degree is, the more obvious the advantage is. Further, within the range of contract parameters that the dominant manufacturer and retailer are willing to accept, the “two-part tariff” contract can effectively realize the coordination of dual-channel CLSC.