Parental Time Restrictions and the Cost of Children: Insights from a Survey Among Mothers

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Melanie Borah ◽

Andreas Knabe ◽

Kevin Pahlke

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Well Being ◽

Living Standards ◽

Cost Of Children ◽

Time Restrictions ◽

Parental Time ◽

Households With Children ◽

Families With Children ◽

The Cost ◽

Refined Version

AbstractAn important aspect when analyzing economic inequality between households with children is time. At given monetary incomes, the material well-being of families may be very different depending on how much time parents have at their disposal. In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental time restrictions. Building on a study by Koulovatianos, Schröder and Schmidt (J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 27:42–51, 2009) that introduces a novel way of using subjective income evaluation data for such estimations, we conduct a refined version of the underlying survey, focusing on young women with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the perceived monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental nonmarket time restrictions. The experienced loss in material living standards associated with supplying time to the labor market is sizeable for families with children.

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Discourses of Childism: How covid-19 Has Unveiled Prejudice, Discrimination and Social Injustice against Children in the Everyday

The International Journal of Children s Rights ◽

10.1163/15718182-29020001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 353-370

Author(s):

Rebecca Adami ◽

Katy Dineen

Keyword(s):

Social Injustice ◽

Policy Decisions ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Cost Of Children ◽

Conceptual Frame ◽

The Everyday ◽

Child Hunger ◽

Effects On Children ◽

The Uk ◽

The Cost

Abstract Do children suffer from discriminatory structures in society and how can issues of social injustice against children be conceptualised and studied? The conceptual frame of childism is examined through everyday expressions in the aftermath of policies affecting children in Sweden, the UK and Ireland to develop knowledge of age-based and intersectional discrimination against children. While experiences in Sweden seem to indicate that young children rarely suffer severe symptoms from covid-19, or constitute a driving force in spreading the virus, policy decisions in the UK and Ireland to close down schools have had detrimental effects on children in terms of child hunger and violence against children. Policy decisions that have prioritised adults at the cost of children have unveiled a structural injustice against children, which is mirrored by individual examples of everyday societal prejudice.

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An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Impact of the Programming Paradigm in the Testing Activity

CLEI electronic journal ◽

10.19153/cleiej.15.1.3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simone de Rocio Senger de Souza ◽

Marllos Paiva Prado ◽

Ellen Francine Barbosa ◽

José Carlos Maldonado

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Programming Paradigm ◽

Time Restrictions ◽

Activity Cost ◽

The Cost ◽

Programming Paradigms ◽

The Impact ◽

Initial Results ◽

Testing Criteria

Several techniques and criteria are available to help conducting testing activity. The choice for one of them depends on different aspects, such as the time restrictions, ef- fectiveness of the testing criteria or the features of the program under test. In this context, the programming paradigm might influence in the testing activity cost. This paper presents the results of an experimental study to characterize and evaluate the cost and strength of structural and functional testing criteria, comparing object-oriented and procedural programming paradigms. A set of 32 programs from the data structure do- main was considered in this study. The main goals in the execution of this research were: i) to obtain initial results about the investigated questions; ii) to generate artifacts which can be used as basis to define and conduct further experimental studies; iii) to support training and teaching of software testing activity.

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