Indonesia's WTO Challenge to the European Union's Renewable Energy Directive: Palm Oil & Indirect Land-Use Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Mitchell ◽  
Dean Merriman
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change

scholarly journals Observing European Union Rejection of Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil Exports from the Most Favored Nation and Quantitative Restriction Principles

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Atik KRUSTIYATI ◽  
Sylvia JANISRIWATI ◽  
Novela CHRISTINE ◽  
Mokhamad Khoirul HUDA
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Quantitative Restriction ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change

Crude palm oil is one of the main commodities exported by Indonesia to several countries, including European Union. The European Union has pushed through several laws regarding climate change, including the Renewable Energy Directive II. The regulation supplementing the Renewable Energy Directive II has also been adopted by the European Commission, making the criteria for determining the high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807. The objective of this paper is to observe if the measure taken by European Union on determining the indirect land-use change-risk feedstock has satisfied the existing WTO trade principles, the principle of most favored nation and the principle of quantitative restriction. The determining criteria in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 is trade restrictive and discriminating to the export of crude palm oil, as crude palm oil is the only feedstock that falls under the criteria of high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock. The regulation has impact for the consumption of crude palm oil in Member states of European Union should be gradually reduced 0% by 2030 at the latest.  As the provision on General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade embodies the principle of non-discrimination, the result of the study shows the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807 has violated the international trade principles. Furthermore, the general exceptions of GATT 1994 contained in Article XX (b) also doesn’t justify the measure.

scholarly journals Diplomasi Ekonomi Indonesia dalam Merespon RED II

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 1271-1285
Author(s):  
Immara Nuur Alfianisa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change ◽  
Joint Mission

Lahan Kelapa Sawit yang sangat luas menjadikan Indonesia sebagai pengeskpor kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun 2017 kelapa sawit menyumbang devisa kepada Negara sebesar USD 23 Miliar atau setara sekitar Rp 300 Triliun, ekspor pada tahun 2017 naik 26% dari tahun sebelumnya. Pada tahun 2020 nilai ekspor kelapa sawit mencapai USD 22,97 Miliar atau setara dengan 320,5 Triliun. Pasar ekspor kelapa sawit Indonesia telah menjangkau pada Negara-Negara besar antara lain China, Uni Eropa dan India. Namun, pada tahun 2017 Uni Eropa merilis kebijakan Delegated Act on Low and High ILUC-Risk Biofuel dalam Renewable Energy Directive (RED II)  menggolongkan minyak sawit sebagai indirect land use change-risk biofuel (ILUC). Adanya kebijakan tersebut mendorong Indonesia untuk melakukan strategi diplomasi ekonomi dalam merespon kebijakan tersebut. Adapun diplomasi ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia antara lain menghadiri pertemuan nasional maupun internasional seperti menghadiri pertemuan dengan Negara penghasil kelapa sawit, dan Joint Mission di Eropa. Mengupayakan lewat WTO, mengupayakan minyak sawit Indonesia bersertifikat berkelanjutan, mengadakan perjanjian dagang dengan Swiss dan kerjasama produksi kelapa sawit dengan Belanda.

Mitigating the risks of indirect land use change (ILUC) related deforestation from industrial palm oil expansion by sharing land access with displaced crop and cattle farmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 105498
Author(s):  
Badrul Azhar ◽  
Frisco Nobilly ◽  
Alex M. Lechner ◽  
Kamil Azmi Tohiran ◽  
Thomas M.R. Maxwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change

An analysis of iLUC and biofuels – Regional quantification of climate-relevant land use change and options for combating it

2011 ◽  
pp. 224-228
Author(s):  
Uwe Lahl
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Regional Approach ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change

The study proposes a regional approach to calculating indirect land use change (iLUC). The goal is to determine the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of biofuels brought about by iLUC in a specific region. A regional approach can be based on the conditions specific to the respective region and the data for this region which is contained in country statistics. This makes the results more resilient. It also appears that LUC is mainly caused locally or regionally. Relevant policy scenarios for different regions were calculated with a regional model. The calculations show reliable results. It is possible to introduce such a regional model in regulations for combating iLUC. The analysis of the policy options for combating iLUC shows that a regional approach would have a much more effective steering effect.

scholarly journals Methods to Assess the Impacts and Indirect Land Use Change Caused by Telecoupled Agricultural Supply Chains: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Parra Paitan ◽  
Peter Verburg
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Hybrid Methods ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Agricultural Supply

The increasing international trade of agricultural products has contributed to a larger diversity of food at low prices and represents an important economic value. However, such trade can also cause social, environmental and economic impacts beyond the limits of the countries directly involved in the exchange. Agricultural systems are telecoupled because the impacts caused by trade can generate important feedback loops, spillovers, rebound effects, time lags and non-linearities across multiple geographical and temporal scales that make these impacts more difficult to identify and mitigate. We make a comparative review of current impact assessment methods to analyze their suitability to assess the impacts of telecoupled agricultural supply chains. Given the large impacts caused by agricultural production on land systems, we focus on the capacity of methods to account for and spatially allocate direct and indirect land use change. Our analysis identifies trade-offs between methods with respect to the elements of the telecoupled system they address. Hybrid methods are a promising field to navigate these trade-offs. Knowledge gaps in assessing indirect land use change should be overcome in order to improve the accuracy of assessments.

scholarly journals Progress and barriers in understanding and preventing indirect land‐use change

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilis Daioglou ◽  
Geert Woltjer ◽  
Bart Strengers ◽  
Berien Elbersen ◽  
Goizeder Barberena Ibañez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Indirect Land Use Change
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