scholarly journals Use of the Elimination Strategy in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Health and Economic Impacts for New Zealand Relative to Other OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Wilson ◽  
Leah Grout ◽  
Jennifer Summers ◽  
Nhung Nghiem ◽  
Michael Baker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Oecd Countries

Pestalozziella subsessilis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Infraspecific Variation ◽  
Chaetomella Raphigera

Abstract A description is provided for Pestalozziella subsessilis, a colonizer of living leaves, causing leaf spot symptoms leading to leaves fading and dying. Some information on its dispersal and transmission, economic impacts, infraspecific variation and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (USA (Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Wisconsin), Kazakhstan, Russia, New Zealand, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Ukraine, and United Kingdom), hosts (Geranium carolinianum (leaf), G. collinum (leaf), G. columbianum (leaf), G. columbinum (leaf), G. macrorrhizum (leaf), G. maculatum (leaf), G. palustre (leaf), G. pratense (leaf), G. pusillum (leaf), G. pyrenaicum (leaf), G. robertianum (leaf), G. sanguineum (leaf), G. sylvaticum (leaf), G. wlassovianum (leaf), Geranium sp., and Oxypolis rigidor [Tiedemannia rigida]) and associated fungi Chaetomella raphigera.

Geoglossum cookeanum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
South Australia

Abstract A description is provided for Geoglossum cookeanum. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (Mexico and USA (Kentucky, Michigan, New Hampshire and Tenesse)), Asia (Georgia, India (Uttarakhand) and China (Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Yunnan)), Australasia (Australia (South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia) and New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UK)). No reports of negative economic impacts of this fungus have been found.

Impacts of botanic gardens: economic, social, environmental, and health.

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-129
Author(s):  
Richard W. Benfield
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The Usa ◽  
African Plants ◽  
Social Environmental

Abstract This chapter focuses on the economic impacts of gardens, presenting examples of regional economic impacts of gardens in the USA, UK and New Zealand. As important, the chapter also highlights the environmental, health, and social benefits of gardens in an era of environmental sustainability, and social justice. Case studies are presented of (1) the cultural benefits of Glenstone (USA), (2) the economic impact of the Australian Arid Lands Botanic Garden (South Australia), and (3) the Missouri Botanical Garden as a center for the study of African plants.

scholarly journals Globalna konwergencja czy globalna dywergencja mechanizmów wsparcia rolnictwa?

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Piotr Kułyk ◽  
Łukasz Augustowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Agricultural Support ◽  
Beta Convergence

This paper presents the problems of changes in financial support for agriculture estimated through the PSE indicator and their possible convergence. The analysis was carried out using sigma and beta convergence absolute between 1986 and 2015. Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Turkey, the USA and the European Union included the regions analyzed. The aim of the article was to confirm or deny the existence of convergence of support for agriculture on a global scale. The study did not confirm the hypothesis of the co­nvergence of agricultural support. These conclusions coincide with previous investigations for OECD countries

scholarly journals The Distributional Effects of Value-Added Taxes in OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alastair Thomas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Microsimulation Models ◽  
Distributional Impact

<p>Most OECD countries’ value-added tax (VAT) systems apply reduced VAT rates to a selection of expenditure items in order to achieve distributional goals, and – to a lesser extent – social, cultural and employment-related goals. This thesis investigates the distributional effects of the VAT in OECD countries, and the merits of using reduced VAT rates to achieve distributional goals. The research adopts a microsimulation modelling approach that draws on household expenditure microdata from household budget surveys for an unprecedented 27 OECD countries. A consistent microsimulation methodology is adopted to ensure cross-country comparability of results.  Non-behavioural VAT microsimulation models are first built to examine the overall distributional impact of the current VAT systems in each country. The research assesses the competing methodological approaches used in previous studies, highlighting the misleading effect of savings patterns on cross-sectional analysis when VAT burdens are measured relative to income. Measuring VAT burdens relative to expenditure – thereby removing the influence of savings – is found to provide a more reliable picture of the distributional impact of the VAT. On this basis, the VAT is found to be either roughly proportional or slightly progressive in most of the 27 OECD countries examined. Nevertheless, results for a small number of countries (Chile, Hungary, Latvia and New Zealand) highlight that broad-based VAT systems that have few reduced VAT rates or exemptions can produce a small degree of regressivity. Results also show that even a roughly proportional VAT can still have significant equity implications for the poor – potentially pushing some households into poverty.  Behavioural VAT microsimulation models are then built for 23 OECD countries to investigate whether reduced VAT rates are an effective way to support poorer households, and whether the use of targeted cash transfers would be more effective. The behavioural microsimulation methodology follows the Linear Expenditure System based approach of Creedy and Sleeman (2006). Complementing this approach, a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) is estimated specifically for New Zealand, thereby providing the first estimates of a QUAIDS model based on New Zealand data.   Simulation results show that, as a whole, the reduced VAT rates present in most OECD countries tend to have a small progressive impact. However, despite this progressivity, reduced VAT rates are shown to be a highly ineffective mechanism for targeting support to poorer households: not only do rich households benefit from reduced rates, but they benefit more in aggregate terms than poor households do. When looking at reduced VAT rates applied to specific products, results are found to vary considerably. Reduced VAT rates specifically introduced to support the poor (such as reduced rates on food consumed at home and domestic utilities) are generally found to have a progressive impact, though rich households still receive a larger aggregate benefit than poor households. In contrast, reduced VAT rates introduced to address non-distributional goals (such as reduced rates on restaurants, hotels, and cultural and social expenditure) often have a regressive impact.  Additional simulation results show that an income-tested cash transfer will better target support to poorer households than reduced VAT rates in all countries. Furthermore, even a universal cash transfer is found to better target poorer households than reduced VAT rates. However, results also show that it is very difficult for an income-tested cash transfer to fully compensate all poor households for the removal of reduced VAT rates. This is due to the significant variation in the underlying consumption patterns across households. While a small number of poor households lose out from replacing reduced VAT rates with targeted cash transfers, those that receive support are instead determined by income and family characteristics as opposed to consumption tastes – thereby increasing horizontal equity. Furthermore, many households are lifted out of poverty as revenue previously transferred to richer households is now transferred to poorer households.   These results empirically confirm the theoretical expectation that, where available, direct mechanisms (whether via the income tax or benefit system) will better achieve distributional goals than reduced VAT rates. Countries that currently employ reduced VAT rates to achieve distributional goals should therefore consider removing these reduced rates and adjusting their income tax or benefit systems to achieve these distributional goals instead. Countries should also consider removing reduced VAT rates aimed at non-distributional goals where a more effective instrument is available to achieve the particular policy goal. At a minimum, the merits of these reduced VAT rates should be reassessed in light of their negative distributional impact.</p>

Ascobolus hawaiiensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Capra Aegagrus

Abstract A description is provided for Ascobolus hawaiiensis, a dung-inhabiting fungus associated with Anatidae, Bos taurus, Bubalus sp., Camelus dromedarius, Capra aegagrus subsp. hircus, Capreolus capreolus, Caprinae, Equus africanus subsp. asinus, E. ferus subsp. caballus, Oryctolagus cuniculus and Ovis aries. Some information on its economic impacts, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (USA (Arizona, Oregon and Hawaii), Chile, Armenia, Azerbaijan, India (Maharashtra), Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Pakistan, Russia (Irkutsk Oblast, Yakutia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Australia (Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia), New Zealand, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Spain (Mallorca) and UK).

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