Techno-Economic Analysis of The Shared Virtualized Resources in 5G Small Cells Operating in Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Bands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Almarshedi ◽  
Martin A. Weiss ◽  
Kevin Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Small Cells

scholarly journals On Exploiting Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Trading in Countrywide Mobile Network Operators for High Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G/6G Era

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3495
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Spectrum Trading ◽  
Mobile Network Operators

In this paper, we propose a dynamic exclusive-use spectrum access (DESA) method to improve the overall licensed millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum utilization of all mobile network operators (MNOs) in a country. By exploiting secondary spectrum trading, the proposed DESA method shares partly and exclusively the licensed mmWave spectrum of one MNO to another in a dynamic and on-demand basis for a certain agreement term. We formulate the proposed DESA method for an arbitrary number of MNOs in a country. We then present an iterative algorithm to find the optimal amount of shared spectrum for each MNO, which is updated at each agreement term. We derive average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and cost efficiency performance metrics for all MNOs countrywide and present extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an example scenario of a country with four MNOs each assigned statically with an equal amount of 28-GHz mmWave spectrum. By applying DESA, we show that MNOs with a lack of minimum licensed spectra to serve their data traffic can lease at the cost of payment of the required additional spectra from other MNOs having unused or under-utilized licensed spectra. Moreover, it is shown that the overall countrywide average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and cost efficiency can be improved, respectively, by 25%, 25%, 17.5%, and 20%. Furthermore, we show that, by applying DESA to all MNOs countrywide, the expected spectral efficiency and energy efficiency requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems can be achieved by reusing the same mmWave spectrum to 20% fewer buildings of small cells. Finally, using the statistics of subscribers of all MNOs, we present a case study for fifth-generation (5G) networks to demonstrate the application of the proposed DESA method to an arbitrary country of four MNOs.

scholarly journals Practical Aspects for the Integration of 5G Networks and IoT Applications in Smart Cities Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Minoli ◽  
Benedict Occhiogrosso
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
High Data ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Near Term

Both 5G cellular and IoT technologies are expected to see widespread deployment in the next few years. At the practical level, 5G will see initial deployments in urban areas. This is perhaps fortuitous from an IoT perspective, since many “mainstream” applications of IoT will support Smart Cities, Smart Campuses and Smart Buildings. Bandwidth demand for a number of Smart City applications is the main driver for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)-based 5G services in general, and new-generation 5G IoT applications, in particular. In turn, the use of the millimeter wave spectrum is required to enable 5G cellular technologies to support high data rates. Millimeter wave solutions, however, impose a requirement for small cells. Generally, an implementer tries to use one or a small handful of IoT technologies; preferably, and for managerial simplicity, the implementer would want to use a cellular/5G IoT technology for all nodes, whether indoors or outdoors, instead of a heterogenous mix of various IoT technologies that have evolved over the years. This overview paper discusses a number of practical issues related to 5G-based IoT applications, particularly in Smart City environments, including the need for small cells, the transmission issues at millimeter wave frequencies, building penetration issues, the need for Distributed Antenna Systems, and the near term introduction of pre-5G IoT technologies such as NB-IoT and LTE-M, these being possible proxies for the commercial deployment and acceptance of 5G IoT.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Interweave–Underlay Countrywide Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Access and Reuse Technique for CR Indoor Small Cells in 5G/6G Era

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3979
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Dynamic Spectrum Access ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Spectrum Access ◽  
Sixth Generation

In this paper, we propose a hybrid interweave–underlay spectrum access and reuse technique for the dynamic spectrum access and reuse of the countrywide 28 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum to in-building small cells of each mobile network operator (MNO) in a country. For the spectrum access, the proposed technique explores both interweave and underlay spectrum access techniques, whereas, for the spectrum reuse, it considers reusing the countrywide spectrum to each three-dimensional (3D) cluster of small cells in a building. To access the countrywide spectrum, each MNO is considered by paying a licensing fee following its number of subscribers. We present the 3D clustering of in-building of small cells and derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE). We then perform extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an MNO of a country consisting of four MNOs. It is shown that, for no spectrum reuse to in-building small cells, the proposed technique improves average capacity and SE by 3.63 and 2.42 times, respectively, whereas EE improves by 72.79%. However, for vertical spatial reuse of six times (as an example) to small cells in a building, average capacity, SE, and EE improve further by 21.77 times, 14.51 times, and 95.66%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed technique can satisfy SE and EE requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems by horizontal spatial reuse of the countrywide spectrum to small cells of about 40.62%, 9.37%, and 6.25% less buildings than that required by the traditional static licensed spectrum access (SLSA) technique.

scholarly journals Power-Domain Based Dynamic Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Access Techniques for In-Building Small Cells in Multioperator Cognitive Radio Networks toward 6G

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Transmission Power ◽  
Spectrum Access ◽  
Power Domain ◽  
Efficiency Cost

Power-domain based dynamic spectrum access (PDSA) techniques are proposed for sharing 28 GHz spectrum of any Mobile Network Operator (MNO) with in-building small cells (SCs) of the other countrywide. By controlling the transmission power of SCs, PDSA techniques explore the traditional interweave access by operating an SC at the maximum transmission power and the underlay access by allowing to operate an SC at a lowered transmission power separately, as well as jointly. Average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and throughput per SC user equipment (UE) are derived for an arbitrary number of MNOs in a country. By varying the spectrum reuse factor for the millimeter-wave spectrum in each building of SCs, extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an illustrative scenario of a country consisting of four MNOs are carried out for the interweave and underlay techniques when applying separately, as well as the hybrid interweave-underlay technique and the static licensed spectrum allocation (SLSA) technique. It is shown that, due to gaining more shared spectra, the hybrid interweave-underlay technique provides the best, whereas the SLSA provides the worst, performances of all techniques in terms of the average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and throughput per UE of an SC. Moreover, we show that the hybrid interweave-underlay technique, the interweave technique, and the underlay technique, respectively, can satisfy the expected requirements of spectral and energy efficiencies for Sixth-Generation (6G) networks by reusing each MNO’s 28 GHz spectrum to SCs of about 33.33%, 50%, and 50% less number of buildings than that required by the SLSA for a spectrum reuse factor of six per building of small cells.

scholarly journals An Overview and Mechanism for the Coexistence of 5G NR-U (New Radio Unlicensed) in the Millimeter-Wave Spectrum for Indoor Small Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
System Level ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Interference Avoidance ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
New Radio ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we first give an overview of the coexistence of cellular with IEEE 802.11 technologies in the unlicensed bands. We then present a coexistence mechanism for Fifth-Generation (5G) New Radio on Unlicensed (NR-U) small cells located within buildings to coexist with the IEEE 802.11ad/ay, also termed as Wireless Gigabit (WiGig). Small cells are dual-band enabled operating in the 60 GHz unlicensed and 28 GHz licensed millimeter-wave (mmW) bands. We develop an interference avoidance scheme in the time domain to avoid cochannel interference (CCI) between in-building NR-U small cells and WiGig access points (APs). We then derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) performance metrics of in-building small cells. Extensive system-level numerical and simulation results and analyses are carried out for a number of variants of NR-U, including NR standalone, NR-U standalone, and NR-U anchored. We also analyze the impact of the spatial reuse of both mmW spectra of multiple NR-U anchored operators with a WiGig operator. It is shown that NR-U anchored provides the best average capacity and EE performances, whereas NR-U standalone provides the best SE performance. Moreover, both vertical spatial reuse intrabuilding level and horizontal spatial reuse interbuilding level of mmW spectra in small cells of an NR-U anchored can improve its SE and EE performances. Finally, we show that by choosing appropriate values of vertical and horizontal spatial reuse factors, the proposed coexistence mechanism can achieve the expected SE and EE requirements for the future Sixth-Generation (6G) mobile networks.

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