Land Ownership Systems and Agrarian Income Distribution in New Zealand and Uruguay (1870-1914)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Alvarez Scanniello
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Land Ownership

scholarly journals New Zealand's Forgotten Appellate Court? The Native Affairs Committee, Petitions and Maori Land: 1871 to 1900

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Guy Finny
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Appellate Court ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Recommendations For Action ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>The second half the 19th century witnessed one of the most complex and destructive chapters in New Zealand legal history. The Native Land Court, Land Laws and Crown purchase and confiscation policies combined to create confusion, uncertainty and grievance in Maori land ownership and transactions. In response, thousands of Maori, and some Europeans, petitioned Parliament. Around two thousand of these Maori land related petitions were referred to the Native Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, many of which involved complex disputes and legal issues in relation to Maori land. In several respects, the petitioners were treating this Committee as a de-facto ’Maori Land Appellate Court’. However, the Committee was no such court. Instead, this paper argues the Committee was effectively operating as a ‘Maori Land Ombudsman’. Using petitions, Maori and Europeans would put their grievances and law reform suggestions before the Committee. In turn, the Committee would usually investigate and make recommendations for action. Although the Committee was ultimately unable to resolve many of the alleged grievances put before it, in a system where Maori had little political power, it fulfilled an important constitutional role as a check on judicial and government power in relation to Maori land interests.</p>

scholarly journals New Zealand's Forgotten Appellate Court? The Native Affairs Committee, Petitions and Maori Land: 1871 to 1900

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Guy Finny
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Appellate Court ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Recommendations For Action ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>The second half the 19th century witnessed one of the most complex and destructive chapters in New Zealand legal history. The Native Land Court, Land Laws and Crown purchase and confiscation policies combined to create confusion, uncertainty and grievance in Maori land ownership and transactions. In response, thousands of Maori, and some Europeans, petitioned Parliament. Around two thousand of these Maori land related petitions were referred to the Native Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, many of which involved complex disputes and legal issues in relation to Maori land. In several respects, the petitioners were treating this Committee as a de-facto ’Maori Land Appellate Court’. However, the Committee was no such court. Instead, this paper argues the Committee was effectively operating as a ‘Maori Land Ombudsman’. Using petitions, Maori and Europeans would put their grievances and law reform suggestions before the Committee. In turn, the Committee would usually investigate and make recommendations for action. Although the Committee was ultimately unable to resolve many of the alleged grievances put before it, in a system where Maori had little political power, it fulfilled an important constitutional role as a check on judicial and government power in relation to Maori land interests.</p>

scholarly journals Tax, transfers, and income inequality in New Zealand during 1988-2013

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Nolan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
The Impact

<p>This dissertation investigates the role tax and transfer policy changes played in the evolution of New Zealand disposable income inequality between 1988 and 2013. Across five papers, the key changes in tax and transfer policies are identified, the labour supply response of individuals to the changes are estimated, and the impact of these changes on the income distribution is quantified. Overall, nearly 40% of the increase in income inequality during this period is attributable to changes in the tax-transfer system.  The tax and transfer payment changes investigated in this dissertation cover the gradual flattening of the tax scale over the 1980/90s, the reduction in benefit payments following the 1991 Mother of All Budgets, the introduction of Working for Families in 2005, and the erosion of transfer payments relative to the average wage throughout the period.  Given these changes, the efficacy of the tax transfer system for meeting vertical and horizontal equity goals is evaluated using data from the Household Economic Survey (HES). The redistributive effect of tax-transfer policy fell from 22.6 Gini points to 18.2 Gini points between 1988/91 and 2011/13, with a corresponding decline in the amount of vertical equity in the tax-transfer system. Between the same periods the degree of horizontal inequity rose,although this was predominantly the result of greater targeting in the tax-transfer system.  The adjustment in the structure of the tax-transfer system not only leads to a change in tax liabilities and transfer payments, but also generates a behavioural change by individuals with regards to the number of hours they would be willing to work. Preference parameter estimates over hours of work and income are generated for individuals in the sample, with imputed wages estimated for those who are out of work.  A tax-transfer microsimulation model, that utilises wage and preference parameter estimates, is then used to construct counterfactual scenarios where the tax-transfer system of a given year is applied to the population of other years. For example, the tax-transfer system of 1988-1991 is applied to the population in 2010-2013 in order to create a scenario representing what the disposable income distribution in 2010-2013 would look like with the 1988-1991 tax-transfer system. Estimates from this process suggest that nearly 40% of the increase in disposable income inequality between the 1988/91 and 2010/13 periods was due to the change in payments and labour supply behaviour associated with tax-transfer policy adjustments.  Other potential drivers of income inequality change were investigated by reweighting the HES data of one period to more closely represent the population of another period. Although shifts in the share of individuals in part time work also generated an increase in income inequality, the lift in higher educational attainment over this period is estimated to have reduced income inequality more sharply (by nearly 22%). The shift in the age distribution towards prime-aged work was not associated with any change in the aggregate income inequality measure.</p>

scholarly journals Envisioning a Future

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
Fleur Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Planning Law ◽  
Zoning Regulations ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Legislative Control

In Aotearoa (New Zealand), existing territorial legislation and provisions within planning law currently prevent Maori from fully entering into a negotiation with district councils, in terms of creating a vision for their future, without kowtowing to already established rules that conform to Western models of land use and Western ideas of how district councils think Maori should live. On Maori land, development is mainly restricted to farming activities, as most Maori land is rurally zoned. Maori own little land in urban centres or in commercial and industrial areas, as many were historically alienated from ancestral land, and as a consequence were excluded from towns in relation to land ownership. The structure of existing legislation does not encourage Maori to test their own ways of thinking in terms of how they want to occupy urban or rural areas. Existing territorial legislation also discourages Maori from exercising their imagination in terms of developing alternative models to zoning regulations, and thinking about how they could occupy space that they have been excluded from in a way that supports the economic and social development of their communities. What happens when Maori take control and visualise their own future, unburdened by the constraints of legislative control?

scholarly journals IMBY: Creating a model for density that maintains suburban values

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Catherine Mooney
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Suburban Cities ◽  
And Control ◽  
Housing Layout

<p>With Greenfield approaches becoming less popular among city councils, forms of densification are being sought out, the most common yet unprecedented form being infill housing. On grounds of this, other methods including apartments are being considered the best solution. For suburban cities, this runs the risk of ignoring fundamental suburban qualities that have been highly desired in New Zealand since settlement, such as open space, autonomous land ownership, and control over one’s own property. Considering ‘the state house’ as a foundational suburban housing model for New Zealand, the Hutt Valley becomes the focus of study for this thesis.  This thesis proposes using infill as a viable solution and means of exploring suburban living to produce a model of densification that offers both continuity with and transformation of cultural and architectural traits of suburban living. It argues for more compact and affordable models that are easily applicable to current New Zealand suburbia and are more responsive to current households. By exploring suburbia at different scales and exploring the current housing layout, new forms of suburban density are formed, where flexibility and neighbourliness are prioritized. The resulting dwelling is arranged based on the varying social needs of humans, allowing inhabitants to define private, shared and public areas both internally and externally.</p>

scholarly journals Tax, transfers, and income inequality in New Zealand during 1988-2013

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Nolan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
The Impact

<p>This dissertation investigates the role tax and transfer policy changes played in the evolution of New Zealand disposable income inequality between 1988 and 2013. Across five papers, the key changes in tax and transfer policies are identified, the labour supply response of individuals to the changes are estimated, and the impact of these changes on the income distribution is quantified. Overall, nearly 40% of the increase in income inequality during this period is attributable to changes in the tax-transfer system.  The tax and transfer payment changes investigated in this dissertation cover the gradual flattening of the tax scale over the 1980/90s, the reduction in benefit payments following the 1991 Mother of All Budgets, the introduction of Working for Families in 2005, and the erosion of transfer payments relative to the average wage throughout the period.  Given these changes, the efficacy of the tax transfer system for meeting vertical and horizontal equity goals is evaluated using data from the Household Economic Survey (HES). The redistributive effect of tax-transfer policy fell from 22.6 Gini points to 18.2 Gini points between 1988/91 and 2011/13, with a corresponding decline in the amount of vertical equity in the tax-transfer system. Between the same periods the degree of horizontal inequity rose,although this was predominantly the result of greater targeting in the tax-transfer system.  The adjustment in the structure of the tax-transfer system not only leads to a change in tax liabilities and transfer payments, but also generates a behavioural change by individuals with regards to the number of hours they would be willing to work. Preference parameter estimates over hours of work and income are generated for individuals in the sample, with imputed wages estimated for those who are out of work.  A tax-transfer microsimulation model, that utilises wage and preference parameter estimates, is then used to construct counterfactual scenarios where the tax-transfer system of a given year is applied to the population of other years. For example, the tax-transfer system of 1988-1991 is applied to the population in 2010-2013 in order to create a scenario representing what the disposable income distribution in 2010-2013 would look like with the 1988-1991 tax-transfer system. Estimates from this process suggest that nearly 40% of the increase in disposable income inequality between the 1988/91 and 2010/13 periods was due to the change in payments and labour supply behaviour associated with tax-transfer policy adjustments.  Other potential drivers of income inequality change were investigated by reweighting the HES data of one period to more closely represent the population of another period. Although shifts in the share of individuals in part time work also generated an increase in income inequality, the lift in higher educational attainment over this period is estimated to have reduced income inequality more sharply (by nearly 22%). The shift in the age distribution towards prime-aged work was not associated with any change in the aggregate income inequality measure.</p>

Some Ethnic Dimensions of Income Distribution from Pre- to Post-reform New Zealand, 1984?1998*

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (262) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
SRIKANTA CHATTERJEE ◽  
NRIPESH PODDER
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Distribution
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