Parihaka-tecture

At 5.00am of November the 5th, 1881, government-sanctioned troops entered the Taranaki Pā of Parihaka, arresting key leaders, expelling occupants and destroying the buildings. The impetus for the assault was highly political. On the one hand Parihaka represented a focus for a broad fear of Māori political independence. At the same time the demand for fertile farm land by colonial settlers was not being met. Scattering the people of Parihaka was a central strategy for alleviating the former and satisfying the latter. Similarly, the destruction of the material fabric of the village – its architecture – was a purposeful action designed to erase any legitimate presence over the land. Not until the publication of Dick Scott's The Parihaka Story, in 1954, were the events of Parihaka brought to a wider Pākehā audience. Today it is largely, and correctly, understood as a particularly ugly moment in our history. However, while we may have developed a certain social self-consciousness toward the racial and political ramifications of Parihaka, not enough has been made of the extraordinary architecture that framed it. In this paper I wish to add to what we do know by reviewing period photographs of Parihaka Pā at the time of the invasion. In particular, I will be giving consideration to Miti-mai-te-arera (the house of Te Whiti), Rangi Kapuia (the house of Tohu), Nuku-tewhatewha (the communal bank) and Te Niho-o-Te-Ātiawa (the dining hall). It is my view that the colonial government were right to interpret these prominent buildings as symbolically threatening and in this paper I hope to show why they were so, but also how their presence nonetheless continued well into the twentieth century.

Sustainable Restoration of Degraded Farm Land by the Sheet-Pipe System

For the sustainable restoration of wet farm land degraded by the climate change-induced rise of ground water level (GWL) and soil salinity etc., the sheet pipe system is one of the most useful technologies which reduces cultivation obstacles due to the poor drainage by controlling the rapid drainage function and enabling farmers to produce profitable crops. This system is characterized mainly as a perforated polyethylene rolled-band sheet 180 mm in width and 1 mm thick which is drawn into the subsurface layer while transforming a drainage pipe with φ = 50 mm. The major advantage of this system is that since the sheet pipe is installed without trenching, the disturbance of land is minimized and the construction period can be shortened to about 1/4 (which reduces the cost approximately by 50%). In this study, by using the sheet pipe installed miniature-type model soil box, the drainage capacity of the sheet pipe was confirmed as being the same as the pipe-shaped standard drainage pipes. Based on the observations of the saturated–unsaturated flow and the maximum lowering rate of GWL was predicted. Finally, at the farm land wherein the free board of the adjoining canal was limited, the effectiveness of the sheet-pipe system was confirmed.

Policies supporting for agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam: An experience from agricultural cooperatives in the Red River Delta

Agricultural cooperatives have been established in Vietnam since the 1950s. During its development, agricultural cooperatives have made significant contributions to the growth of agricultural sector and to the improvement of farmers' income who are members of the cooperatives. Since Vietnam implemented the "Innovation-Doi moi" in 1986, the Government has continued to issue many policies to support for agricultural cooperatives. However, the impact of these policies on the development of almost all agricultural cooperatives has not been as expected. This paper aims to analyze the implementation of several policies supporting for agricultural cooperatives; to identify advantages and disadvantages of these policies; and to propose solutions for improving policies in the furture. In addition to secondary data from the Vietnam Cooperative Alliance, this paper uses primary data collected from 60 agricultural cooperatives in the Red River Delta to analyze the implementation of policies on cooperative staffs training, cooperative finance supporting, and cooperative land supporting. Bascially, the results show that the policy on training cooperative staff is quite well implemented, it helps to improve the capacity of cooperative managers in all surveyed cooperatives. In contrast, the finance supporting policy has many regulations that make it difficult for agricultural cooperatives to access capital, only nearly 30% of surveyed cooperatives get loans for production. Similarly, the land supporting policy also has unreasonable regulations which prevent agricultural cooperatives from scaling-up production because of the lack of farm-land. Consequently, about 60% of surveyed cooperatives are supported to rent farm-land for expanding agricultural production.

Assessment of Coffea Shade Value through Comparison of Mountainous Area with Farm Land Coverage, in Arsi Gololcha District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Coffea cultivation with shade tree is used for improving soil health, increasing coffea production, sustaining agro ecology. The study was attended in two kebele, on 36 farmers’ fields, at Gololcha district of East Arsi zone. The study was intended to assess the influence of coffea shade trees on farm lands versus mountainous area. Household interviews were used to get imperative separately, i.e. from old farmers, middle age farmers and young farmers. Significant difference value was observed between farm land and mountainous area coverage. Based on this respondents’ idea, before 25-30 years; the ‘condition of tree coverage at mountainous’ area in Arsi Gololcha district was ‘medium condition’ but not normal that means as deforestation of mountainous area have been starting before 30 years’ time; while the condition of tree coverage at farmland area also has been starting before 30 years’ time. The third respondents’ idea was interpreted with the real situation of the district, that it gave us a constructive inspiration on the role of coffea shade tree to enable the farm land to be taken as regular natural forest. The existing coffea shade trees are Cordia africana followed by Erythrina abyssinica and Acacia senegal. Farmers accounted 95% of coffea shade users and 4.6% without shade users. The respondents said that even if the rainfall intensity is increasing at farmland rather than mountainous area occasionally due to shade tree effect. On the contrary side, mountainous area exposed to deforestation since the farmers have been shifting to hilly side for their livelihood dependency.

Characteristics of Farmers in Suboptimal Land Agroecosystems and the Implications of the Application of Farm Technology

The area of West Tanjung Jabung District is dominated by tidal land agroecosystems so that the farming pattern that develops is based on tidal land. This research aimed to study the characteristics of farmers in tidal land agroecosystems and their implications for the application of farming technology. The research was conducted in Bunga Tanjung Village, Betara Subdistrict, West Tanjung Jabung District in 2019, involving 40 farmers who were randomly selected as respondents. The descriptive data analysis showed the first, farming on tidal land was characterized by the control of relatively unprocessed and cultivated farm land, low crop intensity of food commodities, and low levels of productivity resulting in unfulfillable farming results properly. The second, the biophysical conditions of farming land wereless conducive to influence the decisions of farmers to Apply farming technology. The third, the opportunity to increase farming productivity in tidal lands was still wide open by optimizing the potential utilization of farmland resources based on the strengths and weaknesses of farmers. The fourth, the strategies to increase productivity in tidal land agroecosystem areas were conducted by diversifying into multi- enterprises, implementing integration patterns between commodities, accelerating technology dissemination, and encouraging the growth of partnership networks. In order for these strategies to be implemented, it is necessary to have a soft credit scheme policy which in its implementation it is followed by assistance of extension agents and researchers.

PARTICIPATION OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION IN THE CREATION OF LAND USE ARRAYS

The state is actively involved in land relations in the creation of land use arrays. It is important to meet deadlines when carrying out the whole procedure. The desired result is to reach a voluntary agreement between the users in the land use arrays. Land use includes real estate farm land for which no contracts have been concluded and no declarations have been made by the owners or these are so-called "White spots" property.

Does Human Capital Play an Important Role in Farm Size Growth? The Case of Slovenia

The paper investigates the drivers of farm size and farm size growth in Slovenia during the period 2007-2017 using a farm-level Farm Accountancy Data Network dataset within a quantile regression framework. Farm size growth is measured by growth in utilized agricultural area per farm. The findings suggest that growth in farm land size is driven by initial farm land size and policy subsidy support. Contrary to expectations, human capital does not play an important role in either farm land size or farm land size growth according to quantile regressions. These findings from inter-quantile comparative analysis are important for farm-related structural and rural development policy.

The in-farm land management project for rational land use of the Regional State Unitary Agricultural Enterprise «Staromainskaya», Staromainsky district of Ulyanovsk region

The legal instruments of influence are necessary to change the situation in the field of rational land use and land protection. The authors propose in-farm land management as one of the tools, which can ensure optimal land use and increase the efficiency of agricultural production on the example of RSUAE "Staromainskaya" in Staromainsky district, Ulyanovsk region.

On-farm land use management of agricultural entities

The issues of land legislation in the field of regulation of land relations have been identified. It was determined that pre-reform period was characterized by the planned development of economy, on-farm land management design was mandatory and was of a directive nature. The author notes that the Rules for Rational Use of Agricultural Lands establish the existence of onfarm land management projects aimed at their rational use. The results of the analysis showed that currently in the land legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are no clear requirements for drafting projects in the system of measures on land use regulation. Therefore, in practice, they are developed by only a small part of economic entities, which leads to deterioration in reclamation state of agricultural land, decrease in fertility level, contamination of crops with weeds, spread of various diseases and plant pests, degradation of forage lands (pastures, hayfields), etc. All this is the result of underdeveloped land legislation, weak implementation of public control over the use and protection of land. The existing structure of on-farm land management projects has been analyzed. The conclusion on the need for their development, as well as methodological instructions based on new approaches and innovative technologies was done. It is noted that in 2018 at the legislative level, amendments were made to the Land Code, regulating the procedure and features of the provision of State-owned agricultural land for peasant or private farm operations, agricultural production through tender commission. Owners or land users were invited to develop on-farm land management projects at their own expense.