How the West Was Won: The De-institutionalization of Child-Labor in Pakistan's Soccer Ball Industry

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad R. Khan ◽  
Kamal Munir
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
The West ◽  
Soccer Ball

scholarly journals Case Study of The Ethical Issues of Child Labor in Chocolate Business in The West Africa Regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusnaidi Yusnaidi
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Ethical Aspect ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Chocolate Industry ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Abstract : This case study was conducted to identify ethical aspect of chocalate industry which related to the used of child labour in farming and harvesting process in West Africa region. The case study identified the issue through secondary data collected from online resources. It is a descriptive article to describe the condition of unethical issues by employing children in the cocoa plantation and factory. It is a giant industry which involved giant companies and big market as well as huge number of the customers. However the benefit was not always distributed to all of the participants or contributors of the industry. Especially for those who work at the cocoa plantation in west Africa region. There are two parties which raised the ethical issues of employing child labour in the chocalate industry, the supporting and contrary parties. It is a dilemma. Both sides have strong argument to deal with the issue and the method to solve it. However it could be concluded the child labor are increased because of four main problems, poverty,education, culture and political issue. In many case these issues are combined to contributed in the used of child labour. In conclusion it needs comprehensive programs involved all the stakeholders of the chocolate industry to take the responsibility to improve the quality of life of the child and families in the west africa especially those who are living around the cocoa plantation. They are just the children who should have the life as the children, similar right as other children around the world have. Keywords: business ethics, child labour, chocolate industry

Cocoa and Child Slavery in West Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Odijie
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
African Government ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Hazardous Child Labor ◽  
Child Slavery ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The ongoing scholarship on child slavery in cocoa farming in West Africa is examined by illustrating major developments in the field. Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force in early West Africa cocoa farming, especially in Sao Tomé and Príncipe. Whereas slavery in cocoa farming in West Africa historically involved adult slaves, the modern version is almost exclusively based on child slavery. With the promise of a job, child slaves are transported to Côte d’Ivoire from neighboring countries like Mali and Burkina Faso and transported to cocoa farms in remote villages. In Ghana, child slaves are transported from poorer regions. The modern literature on child slavery in the West African cocoa sector, which to a great extent has been led by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and activists, has not properly engaged with the history or evolution of cocoa farming or its link to modern child slavery. While the documentaries and journalistic case studies produced by NGOs and activists have offered crucial evidence of the occurrence of child slavery on West African cocoa farms, they have generated only limited questions and arguments. This is partly due to the practical goals of this literature—for example, showing that child slavery exists (via documentary approaches)—and the use of surveys to attempt to measure its prevalence. This focus primarily serves the antislavery campaign. The literature has also suffered from a lack of conceptual direction. The proximity of categories such as child labor and hazardous child labor has allowed stakeholders to shift the conversation away from child slavery to less problematic forms of labor, especially given the methodological difficulties encountered in uncovering child slavery. However, the literature that has sought to explain the causes of child slavery in cocoa farming in West Africa has been robust and historical due to the contribution of Marxist and other scholars who are not necessarily involved in the antislavery campaign. The campaign against child slavery in cocoa farming has led to copious programs and initiatives on the part of the West African government and other stakeholders.

scholarly journals Aging Experience and the Results of the West for Asia A Sociological Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Aging People ◽  
Age Of Marriage

The present paper analyzes different demographic variables to reach the result of how population become aged in different parts of Asia. Policies and planning of population during the past decades have contributed to more life expectancy, leading to the aging  of population in countries like Japan, China, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and to some extent Iran. Population in some countries aging without needs gradually emerging, being met. People usually at the age of seventy and over lose their normal strengths and potentialities. Many of their capabilities are lost. They gradually become dependent on other younger age groups. Western countries usually have made better policies and plans earlier, and because of that, their aging people have better immunity as far as their health, social and economic conditions are concerned. Many aging people in Asian countries are concerned about their needs during the age of 70 and over. Decline in birth rate is the most important factor positively affecting the aging of population after a few decades has passed. The same happened to Japan, China, South Korea etc. Many Western countries started narrowing their birth rates in the nineteenth century, whereas Asian countries started that since around 1950. Earlier, women used to give birth to 7-8 children, in which half or more of them died in infancy, and the rest who survived, had to face malnutrition, shortage of education, child-labor from the age of 7-8, maternal fatality of mothers and many more unfavorable conditions that affected their lives. While the average age of marriage is between 26-29 in the West, it is usually the age of 20 or below within many developing countries.

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

The fight to save Uganda’s White Rhino

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
White Rhino

In the West Nile District of Uganda lives a population of white rhino—those relies of a past age, cumbrous, gentle creatures despite their huge bulk—which estimates only 10 years ago, put at 500. But poachers live in the area, too, and official counts showed that white rhino were being reduced alarmingly. By 1959, they were believed to be diminished to 300.

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