Prevalence of Khat (Catha edulis) Chewing and Its Determinants: A Respondent-Driven Survey from Hossana, Ethiopia

Composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk), Ethiopia

10.31221/osf.io/w7h8j ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chem Int

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bahir Dar ◽

Dpph Radical ◽

Catha Edulis

In this study, we determined the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from two different varieties of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) cultivated in Ethiopia. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger type apparatus, identifications of compounds were made by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventy seven different compounds were identified from essential oils of the two different khat cultivars. The essential oils in the samples from Bahir Dar and Wendo were composed of 50 and 34 compounds, respectively. The major compound identified in khat essentials oils include: limonene, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 1-hydroxy,1-phenyl-2-propanone, camphor, (sulfurous acid)-2-propylundecyl ester, hexadecane, O-mentha-1(7), 8-dien-3-ol, heptadecane, 10-methylnonadecane, (phthalic acid)-isobutyl octadecyl ester, and tritetracontane. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the oils were assessed by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay. The scavenging activities of the oils were 23.5-23.6 μg AAE/kg of fresh khat sample.

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Catha edulis: Hilton-Taylor, C.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ◽

10.2305/iucn.uk.1998.rlts.t34617a9878762.en ◽

1998 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Catha Edulis

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Cytotoxic Influence of Khat (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl) on Oral Fibroblasts, Squamous Carcinoma Cells, and Expression of α Smooth Muscle Actin

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11083524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 3524

Author(s):

Azeem Ul Yaqin Syed ◽

Muhammad A. Ahmed ◽

Eman I. AlSagob ◽

Mansour Al-Askar ◽

Abdulrahman M. AlMubarak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Control Cell ◽

Squamous Carcinoma ◽

Carcinoma Cells ◽

Muscle Actin ◽

Catha Edulis ◽

Squamous Carcinoma Cells ◽

Dose Dependent

The aim was to determine the cytotoxicity of Khat (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl) on normal oral fibroblasts (NOFs) and SCC4 (squamous carcinoma cells) along with expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in fibroblasts. Khat filtrate was prepared to obtain a concentrated viscous solution. NOFs and SCC4 cells were cultured in biological cabinets and were grown in Dulbeccos’ modified Eagles medium. Frozen cells were thawed at 37 °C and cell seeding was performed. NOFs and SCC4 cells were seeded on 96 well plates and allowed to attach. The medium was removed and a fresh medium containing different concentrations of Khat was added. The group without Khat served as a negative control and 4% paraformaldehyde as the positive control. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay and effect of Khat on fibroblast and SCC4 phenotypes was evaluated by immunostaining. Analysis of variance was used to assess data (p < 0.05). NOF 316 showed cell death in response to 4% paraformaldehyde, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.12 mg/mL of Khat. The highest concentration of Khat (25 mg/mL) failed to cause cytotoxicity of NOF 316. NOF 319 and NOF 26 displayed cell death at all concentrations of Khat, however, cytotoxicity was not dose dependent. NOF 18 and SCC4 cells showed dose-dependent cell death. NOF 316 showed α-SMA expression after 1 mg/mL of Khat exposure. Not all fibroblasts were α-SMA-positive, suggesting specific activation of a subset of fibroblasts. Khat is cytotoxic to NOF and SCC4 cells. Furthermore, it can also cause activation and phenotypic changes in oral fibroblasts, indicating a potential role in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

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Qualitative ultrastructural analysis of the submandibular salivary glands after administration of khat: in vivo study

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-021-05595-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gamilah Al-Qadhi ◽

Rabab Mubarak

Keyword(s):

Salivary Glands ◽

Arabian Peninsula ◽

Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽

Catha Edulis ◽

Ductal Cells ◽

Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Salivary Gland Cells ◽

Submandibular Salivary Glands

Abstract Objective Khat (Catha edulis Forssk) plant has been widely chewed for its psychostimulatory effects in the African and Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen. Considering the khat leaves are gradually chewed without swallowing, while its active constituents are extracted into saliva, studying the effect of khat on salivary glands is necessary. This work is an extension of the previously published work that studied the effect of khat extract on the rats' submandibular salivary glands in terms of histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. The current research note aimed to better understand this effect on the ultrastructure of submandibular salivary gland cells by using transmission electron microscope. Results Oral administration of khat extract produced degenerative changes in the secretory and ductal cells of rats' submandibular salivary glands. These changes involved irregular boundaries of variable sized-nuclei, dilated RER, cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as swollen and degenerated mitochondria.

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Cathinone: An Alkaloid of Catha edulis (Khat) Exacerbated Hyperglycemia in Diabetes-Induced Rats

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.072 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdulsamad Alsalahi ◽

Zamri Chik ◽

Zahurin Mohamed ◽

Nelli Giribabu ◽

Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh

Keyword(s):

Catha Edulis

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Celastrus Paniculata in Mental Deficiency: a Pilot Experiment

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.99.414.158 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 99 (414) ◽

pp. 158-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. V. Morris ◽

R. C. MacGillivray ◽

Constance M. Mathieson

Keyword(s):

Mental Deficiency ◽

Ayurvedic Medicine ◽

Catha Edulis ◽

Pilot Experiment ◽

The Family

Celastrus paniculata (c. multiflora and c. mutans) is a large climbing shrub found in the hilly districts of India, Burma and Ceylon. The seeds, leaves and an oil extracted by distillation are used in Ayurvedic medicine and are believed to increase intelligence. The Sanskrit name Jyotishmati or “light-bringer” is an allusion to this reputed property. Other members of the family Celastraceae, notably Gymnosporia deflexa Sprague and Catha edulis Forsk, are favoured by the natives of Africa as mental stimulants (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijck, 1932).

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