scholarly journals Qualitative ultrastructural analysis of the submandibular salivary glands after administration of khat: in vivo study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamilah Al-Qadhi ◽  
Rabab Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Catha Edulis ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Glands

Abstract Objective Khat (Catha edulis Forssk) plant has been widely chewed for its psychostimulatory effects in the African and Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen. Considering the khat leaves are gradually chewed without swallowing, while its active constituents are extracted into saliva, studying the effect of khat on salivary glands is necessary. This work is an extension of the previously published work that studied the effect of khat extract on the rats' submandibular salivary glands in terms of histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. The current research note aimed to better understand this effect on the ultrastructure of submandibular salivary gland cells by using transmission electron microscope. Results Oral administration of khat extract produced degenerative changes in the secretory and ductal cells of rats' submandibular salivary glands. These changes involved irregular boundaries of variable sized-nuclei, dilated RER, cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as swollen and degenerated mitochondria.

scholarly journals The determination of specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of parotid and submandibular salivary glands tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 921-928
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Oroz ◽  
Zorana Bokun ◽  
Djordje Antonijevic ◽  
Jasna Jevdjic
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Core Needle Biopsy ◽  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Core Needle ◽  
Parotid Salivary Gland ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Glands

Background/Aim. The diagnosis of tumors of salivary glands relies heavily on radiological examination and biopsy of pathological tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of core needle biopsy in diagnosis of tumors of parotid and submandibular glands. Methods. This study was designed as a crosssectional clinical trial performed between May 2008 and ?ay 2015 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Center Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia. The examinations included 200 patients among which 100 were diagnosed with tumors of parotid salivary glands and 100 with tumors of submandibular salivary glands. The core needle biopsy was undertaken in all cases where tumor was smaller than 2 cm, far from blood vessels and far from the deep layer of parotid gland. The histopathological analysis was performed to identify histological type of the lesion. Upon performing the surgical procedure and consequently the tumor tissue extirpation, tissue samples obtained were investigated for the definitive diagnosis. Results. The sensitivity of the procedure was 90.9% for parotid salivary gland and 74% for submandibular salivary gland, the specificity was 95.9% for parotid salivary gland and 93% for submandibular salivary gland and the accuracy was 94.7% for parotid salivary gland and 87% for submandibular salivary gland. Based on the histopathological findings of the salivary glands obtained using core needle biopsy of the tumor tissue, it was possible to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions. Conclusion. Current investigation points to the advantages and efficiency of core needle biopsy in diagnosis of tumors of parotid and submandibular salivary glands.

scholarly journals The protective effect of klotho against contrast-associated acute kidney injury via the antioxidative effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. F881-F889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Jung Oh ◽  
Hyewon Oh ◽  
Bo Young Nam ◽  
Je Sung You ◽  
Dong-Ryeol Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Antioxidative Effect ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Apoptotic Markers ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

As oxidative stress is one major factor behind contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI), we investigated the protective effect of klotho against CA-AKI via the antioxidative effect. In in vitro experiments, cells (NRK-52E) were divided into the following three groups: control, iopamidol, or iopamidol + recombinant klotho (rKL) groups. Moreover, cell viability was measured with the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and oxidative stress was examined with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence intensity. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to assess propidium iodide klotho expression, and Bax-to-Bcl-2 and apoptosis ratios were evaluated with annexin V/Hoechst 33342 staining. Furthermore, we knocked down the klotho gene using siRNA to verify the endogenous effect of klotho. In our in vivo experiments, oxidative stress was evaluated with the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assay, and apoptosis was evaluated with the Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry. Additionally, cell and tissue morphology were investigated with transmission electron microscopy. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, mRNA and protein expression of klotho significantly decreased in CA-AKI mice compared with control mice, whereas oxidative stress and apoptosis markers were significantly increased in CA-AKI mice. However, rKL supplementation mitigated the elevated apoptotic markers and oxidative stress in the CA-AKI mouse model and improved cell viability. In contrast, oxidative stress and apoptotic markers were more aggravated when the klotho gene was knocked down. Moreover, we found more cytoplasmic vacuoles in the CA-AKI mouse model using transmission electron microscopy but fewer cytoplasmic vacuoles in rKL-supplemented cells. The present study shows that klotho in proximal tubular cells can protect against CA-AKI via an antioxidative effect.

scholarly journals Activation of Peptidylarginine Deiminase in the Salivary Glands of Balb/c Mice Drives the Citrullination of Ro and La Ribonucleoproteins

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mayra Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Rafael Herrera-Esparza ◽  
Juan-José Bollain y Goytia ◽  
María-Elena Pérez-Pérez ◽  
Deyanira Pacheco-Tovar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peptidylarginine Deiminase ◽  
Reporter Protein ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Arginine Residues

The goal of the present study was to determine whether peptidylarginine deiminase PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes are present in Balb/c mouse salivary glands and whether they are able to citrullinate Ro and La ribonucleoproteins. Salivary glands from Balb/c mice were cultured in DMEM and supplemented with one of the following stimulants: ATP, LPS, TNF, IFNγ, or IL-6. A control group without stimulant was also evaluated. PAD2, PAD4, citrullinated peptides, Ro60, and La were detected by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. PAD2 and PAD4 mRNAs and protein expression were detected by qPCR and Western blot analysis. PAD activity was assessed using an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LPS, ATP, and TNF triggered PAD2 and PAD4 expression; in contrast, no expression was detected in the control group (p<0.001). PAD transcription slightly increased in response to stimulation. Additionally, PAD2/4 activity modified the arginine residues of a reporter protein (fibrinogen) in vitro. PADs citrullinated Ro60 and La ribonucleoproteins in vivo. Molecular stimulants induced apoptosis in ductal cells and the externalization of Ro60 and La ribonucleoproteins onto apoptotic membranes. PAD enzymes citrullinate Ro and La ribonucleoproteins, and this experimental approach may facilitate our understanding of the role of posttranslational modifications in the pathophysiology of Sjögren’s syndrome.

scholarly journals Morphologic Characteristics of the Submandibular Salivary Gland of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu Tajacu)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Gabriela de Souza Reginato ◽  
Cristina de Sousa Bolina ◽  
Moacir Franco Oliveira ◽  
Sonia Regina Yokomizo Almeida ◽  
Ii-sei Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Collared Peccary

Introduction Most salivary glands is located on the inside and around the oral cavity, and are divided into major and minor salivary glands. The aim of the present study was to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual tissue of the submandibular glands of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu). Materials and Methods The submandibular glands (n = 10) of adult male collared peccaries ( T. tajacu) were used for histological and ultrastructural analysis. The techniques used were light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results The submandibular salivary glands of the collared peccary (T. tajacu) showed a capsule formed by a connective tissue containing the acinus and duct cells. Histologically, the nuclei located at the basal region of the cells was observed. The light polarized microscopy clearly showed the presence of type I and type III collagen. In the SEM image, the submandibular salivary gland revealed a round aspect separated in several lobules with bundles of collagen fibers. The vibratome sections showed the groupings of acinar cells, with intermingled secretory ducts containing vessels of different diameters. The secretory granules were noted in the apical portion of the acinar and ductal cells. The thick bundles of collagen fibers formed a glandular capsule and were identified around of the acinar and ductal cells in three-dimensional SEM images. The TEM images showed a number of secretory granules, especially in the apical region of the cytoplasm of the acinar cells and in the basal portion of the nuclei. The granular endoplasmic reticulum area, the euchromatic nuclei and the cytoplasmic projections may be seen. Mucous acinar cells separated by fine collagen fibers were also observed. Conclusion The morphological characteristics of the submandibular gland of the collared peccary is similar to that of other mammals with the same eating habits and habitat.

Direct in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to salivary glands

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (6) ◽  
pp. G1146-G1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mastrangeli ◽  
B. O'Connell ◽  
W. Aladib ◽  
P. C. Fox ◽  
B. J. Baum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Recombinant Adenovirus ◽  
Salivary Gland Cell ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Adenovirus Vectors

Gene transfer to the salivary glands holds the potential for the therapy of salivary gland disorders and for delivery of therapeutic proteins to the mouth and upper gastrointestinal tract. Administration of the recombinant adenovirus vectors Ad.RSV beta gal [coding for the intracellular protein beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal)] and Ad alpha 1AT [coding for human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), a secreted protein] to salivary gland cell lines in vitro demonstrated exogenous gene expression. Retrograde ductal injection of the Ad.RSV beta gal vector to rat salivary glands in vivo resulted in beta-Gal expression in acinar and ductal cells. Exposure of submandibular glands in vivo to Ad alpha 1AT resulted in expression of alpha 1-AT mRNA transcripts, de novo synthesis of alpha 1-AT, and secretion in the saliva. To evaluate the feasibility of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human glands, human minor salivary glands were infected ex vivo with Ad.RSV beta gal, and implanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Evaluation of the human tissue demonstrated beta-Gal activity. These observations demonstrate that adenovirus vectors are capable of direct delivery of genes to the salivary glands, suggesting a variety of possible gene therapy applications.

Neutrophils injure cultured skeletal myotubes

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. C335-C341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis X. Pizza ◽  
Thomas J. McLoughlin ◽  
Stephen J. McGregor ◽  
Edward P. Calomeni ◽  
William T. Gunning
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Membrane Rupture ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Human Myotubes ◽  
Membrane Blebs ◽  
Blood Neutrophils ◽  
Skeletal Myotubes

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that neutrophils can injure cultured skeletal myotubes. Human myotubes were grown and then cultured with human blood neutrophils. Myotube injury was quantitatively and qualitatively determined using a cytotoxicity (51Cr) assay and electron microscopy, respectively. For the 51Cr assay, neutrophils, under non-in vitro-stimulated and N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-stimulated conditions, were cultured with myotubes at effector-to-target cell (E:T) ratios of 10, 30, and 50 for 6 h. Statistical analyses revealed that myotube injury was proportional to the E:T ratio and was greater in FMLP-stimulated conditions relative to non-in vitro-stimulated conditions. Transmission electron microscopy, using lanthanum as an extracellular tracer, revealed in cocultures a diffuse appearance of lanthanum in the cytoplasm of myotubes and a localized appearance within cytoplasmic vacuoles of myotubes. These observations and their absence in control cultures (myotubes only) suggest that neutrophils caused membrane rupture and increased myotube endocytosis, respectively. Myotube membrane blebs were prevalent in scanning and transmission electron micrographs of cultures consisting of neutrophils and myotubes (E:T ratio of 5) and were absent in control cultures. These data support the hypothesis that neutrophils can injure skeletal myotubes in vitro and may indicate that neutrophils exacerbate muscle injury and/or delay muscle regeneration in vivo.

scholarly journals МІКРОСТРУКТУРНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПІДНИЖНЬОЩЕЛЕПНОЇ СЛИННОЇ ЗАЛОЗИ ЩУРА В НОРМІ

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3(55)) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Mykhalevych Marta ◽  
Paltov Yevgen ◽  
Kryvko Yurii
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Glands ◽  
Cervical Area ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Functional Purpose

Macroanatomy, topography of the submandibular salivary glands in rats, the size and mechanisms of functioning, are determined by the characteristics of the structure of the skull and cervical area, and the horizontal position of the animal body and features of the functional purpose of the glands. Salivary glands ensure the consistency of homeostasis not only in the oral cavity, but also in the upper gastrointestinal tract, performing the primary enzymatic processing of food, helping the passage of food to the esophagus. Apparently, there are no other organs that perform as many functions (secretory, secretory, excretory, secretory) and have such a significant impact on the condition of the organism, oral cavity and digestive system as a whole.This publication demonstrates microstructures characteristics of submandibular salivary gland of rats.

Cytokeratin polypeptide expression during the histogenesis of guinea pig submandibular salivary gland

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-711
Author(s):  
G. Marshak ◽  
O. Leitner ◽  
B. Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Terminal Buds

The present study was directed towards the characterization of cell-specific histogenetic markers for the various epithelial elements of the adult and the developing guinea pig submandibular salivary gland. We have employed immunofluorescent labelling using three cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies, for which the polypeptide specificities towards guinea pig cytokeratins were determined. All the epithelial elements of the adult gland were positively labelled with two monoclonal antibodies, namely KG 8.13 (‘broad spectrum’ anti-cytokeratin) and antibody Ks B.18 (reactive with a simple cytokeratin-specific polypeptide of 49 X 10(3) Mr). Antibody KS 8.58 (reactive with a guinea pig cytokeratin polypeptide of 50 X 10(3) Mr) labelled the basal cells of the large ducts, as well as the myoepithelium. During development of the gland, the submandibular anlage and its primary and secondary branches with their terminal buds, were uniformly labelled with the three antibodies; however, the cytokeratin polypeptides reactive with antibody KS 8.58, which were apparently expressed in all cells of the developing ducts, gradually disappear from most of the ductal cells, starting at about 6 weeks of gestation, and remain only in the basal or reserve cells of the large ducts and the myoepithelium. These observations support the notion that the basal cells retain at least some of the properties of the embryonic glandular epithelium and could be considered as pluripotent reserve cells which may function as progenitors for other epithelial elements in the salivary glands epithelia.

scholarly journals Use of 3D Human Liver Organoids to Predict Drug-Induced Phospholipidosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2982
Author(s):  
Ji-Young Lee ◽  
Hyo-Jeong Han ◽  
Sang-Joon Lee ◽  
Eun-Ho Cho ◽  
Han-Byul Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Albumin Secretion ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Liver Organoids

Drug-induced phospholipidosis (PL) is a storage disorder caused by the formation of phospholipid-drug complexes in lysosomes. Because of the diversity of PL between species, human cell-based assays have been used to predict drug-induced PL in humans. We established three-dimensional (3D) human liver organoids as described previously and investigated their liver characteristics through multiple analyses. Drug-induced PL was initiated in these organoids and in monolayer HepG2 cultures, and cellular changes were systemically examined. Organoids that underwent differentiation showed characteristics of hepatocytes rather than HepG2 cells. The organoids also survived under PL-inducing drug conditions for 48 h and maintained a more stable albumin secretion level than the HepG2 cells. More cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in organoids and HepG2 cells treated with more potent PL-induced drugs, but to a greater extent in organoids than in HepG2 cells. Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2, a marker of lysosome membranes, showed a stronger immunohistochemical signal in the organoids. PL-distinctive lamellar bodies were observed only in amiodarone-treated organoids by transmission electron microscopy. Human liver organoids are thus more sensitive to drug-induced PL and less affected by cytotoxicity than HepG2 cells. Since PL is a chronic condition, these results indicate that organoids better reflect metabolite-mediated hepatotoxicity in vivo and could be a valuable system for evaluating the phospholipidogenic effects of different compounds during drug development.

Membrane potentials of salivary gland cells of rat

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 1304-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Schneyer ◽  
C. A. Schneyer
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Rat Salivary Glands ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
The Mean

Transmembrane electrical potentials were recorded from cells of rat salivary glands in vivo, using microelectrodes. The mean (±se) from 61 impalements of unstimulated submaxillary cells was 28 ± 1.4 mv. In submaxillary gland, acinar cells and cells of granular tubules account for approximately 70 and 30%, respectively, of all secretory elements. Dividing the range of submaxillary potentials at 35 mv gave two groups with new means of 23 ± 1.0 and 41 ± 0.6 mv, in which were contained 70 and 30%, respectively, of all values. Potentials in submaxillary gland from which granular tubules had been caused virtually to disappear (by isoproterenol) were always below 35 mv (mean ± se = 25 ± 0.6 mv). Similarly, potentials from normal parotid gland (in which granular tubules do not appear) never exceeded 34 mv (mean ± se = 20 ± 2.4). In submaxillary, stimulation, at least over relatively long durtion, produced no change in average potential. It was concluded that membrane potentials from rat salivary glands are generally below the potassium equilibrium potential, with acinar cells showing lower values than cells of granular tubules.

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