scholarly journals Inhibitory Processes and Fluid Intelligence: a Performance at Early Years of Schooling

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Yesica Aydmune ◽  
Isabel Introzzi ◽  
Eliana Vanesa Zamora ◽  
Florencia Stelzer
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Differential Relation ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Unitary Approach ◽  
Inhibitory Type ◽  
Task Perception

Inhibition constitutes one of the main executive functions and it is important to more complex skills such as fluid intelligence. Actually, there is an agreement on distinguishing three inhibitory types: perceptual, cognitive and response inhibition. Several studies show the differential engagement of these inhibitory types in different skills. However, there is no registered evidence about the differential relation of inhibitory types with fluid intelligence. This inquiry is especially important during the first school years, since in this stage, inhibitory processes would already be differentiated, and inhibitory processes and fluid intelligence are linked to the performance of children in the school setting. For these reasons, the goal of this work is to study the relation and contribution of perceptual, cognitive, and response inhibition with fluid intelligence, in children in the first years of primary school. For that purpose, a sample of children from six to eight years old (N = 178) was tested with a perceptual inhibition task (perception of similarities and differences task); a cognitive inhibition task (proactive interference task); a response inhibition task (stop signal task); and a fluid intelligence task (progressive matrices task). We observed significant correlations between perceptual and response inhibition and fluid intelligence (controlling for age), but only perceptual inhibition explains significantly part of the performance in the fluid intelligence task. This study provides data about the specific contribution, during childhood, of an inhibitory type to fluid intelligence and contributes empirical evidence in support of the non-unitary approach of inhibition.

scholarly journals Piloting the Play Cycle Observation Method in ‘real time’: Recording children’s Play Cycles in pre-school provision

2020 ◽  
pp. 1476718X2096985
Author(s):  
Pete King ◽  
LaDonna Atkins ◽  
Brandon Burr
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Real Time ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Children's Play ◽  
Observational Tool ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
And Training

The Play Cycle Observation Method (PCOM) is an observational tool developed to focus on the process of play and has shown good reliability when watching videos of children playing. This study piloted use of the PCOM in ‘real time’ in a pre-school setting where 3-year-old children play. The results from two independent observers not familiar with the concept of the Play Cycle or the PCOM found good inter-rater reliability using Cohen Kappa (k) when observing play cues to form play cycles, as well as observing play cues within established play cycles. In addition, the recording of the nature of the play cues and play returns, the play frame and how the play cycle finishes (annihilation) were shown to be consistent between the two inter-rater observers. The results of this pilot study indicate the PCOM can be used as an observational tool to record the process of play by both students and practitioners working in a range of contexts including playwork, childcare, early years and statutory education. The PCOM can also be used as a teaching and training aid for trainers and lecturers.

scholarly journals Cortical silent period reflects individual differences in action stopping performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Paci ◽  
Giulio Di Cosmo ◽  
Mauro Gianni Perrucci ◽  
Francesca Ferri ◽  
Marcello Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractInhibitory control is the ability to suppress inappropriate movements and unwanted actions, allowing to regulate impulses and responses. This ability can be measured via the Stop Signal Task, which provides a temporal index of response inhibition, namely the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). At the neural level, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows to investigate motor inhibition within the primary motor cortex (M1), such as the cortical silent period (CSP) which is an index of GABAB-mediated intracortical inhibition within M1. Although there is strong evidence that intracortical inhibition varies during action stopping, it is still not clear whether differences in the neurophysiological markers of intracortical inhibition contribute to behavioral differences in actual inhibitory capacities. Hence, here we explored the relationship between intracortical inhibition within M1 and behavioral response inhibition. GABABergic-mediated inhibition in M1 was determined by the duration of CSP, while behavioral inhibition was assessed by the SSRT. We found a significant positive correlation between CSP’s duration and SSRT, namely that individuals with greater levels of GABABergic-mediated inhibition seem to perform overall worse in inhibiting behavioral responses. These results support the assumption that individual differences in intracortical inhibition are mirrored by individual differences in action stopping abilities.

scholarly journals Prefrontal and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors correlate with fMRI BOLD activation during stopping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Pfeifer ◽  
Alexandra Sebastian ◽  
Hans Georg Buchholz ◽  
Christoph P. Kaller ◽  
Gerhard Gründer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Endogenous Opioid System ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Right

AbstractD2-like dopamine receptors in animals and humans have been shown to be linked to impulsive behaviors that are highly relevant for several psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate the relationship between the fronto-striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a selected population of healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers. Twenty-two participants successively underwent blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a stop-signal task and a separate positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability was measured using the radiotracer [18F]fallypride. Caudate D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability positively correlated with stopping-related fronto-striatal fMRI activation. In addition, right prefrontal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability correlated positively with stopping-related striatal fMRI BOLD signal. Our study partially replicates previous findings on correlations between striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a population selected for its genetic determination of dopamine response to alcohol and as a modulator of impulse control via the endogenous opioid system. We confirm the important role of D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability in the fronto-striatal neural circuit for response inhibition. Moreover, we extend previous findings suggesting that dopamine receptor availability in the right inferior frontal cortex, a crucial region of the stopping network, is also strongly associated with stopping-related striatal fMRI activity in healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers.

scholarly journals Cognitive Control Processes and Defense Mechanisms That Influence Aggressive Reactions: Toward an Integration of Socio-Cognitive and Psychodynamic Models of Aggression

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Gagnon ◽  
Joyce Emma Quansah ◽  
Paul McNicoll
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Defense Style ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Aversive Behavior ◽  
Critical Words

Research on cognitive processes has primarily focused on cognitive control and inhibitory processes to the detriment of other psychological processes, such as defense mechanisms (DMs), which can be used to modify aggressive impulses as well as self/other images during interpersonal conflicts. First, we conducted an in-depth theoretical analysis of three socio-cognitive models and three psychodynamic models and compared main propositions regarding the source of aggression and processes that influence its enactment. Second, 32 participants completed the Hostile Expectancy Violation Paradigm (HEVP) in which scenarios describe a hostile vs. non-hostile social context followed by a character's ambiguous aversive behavior. The N400 effect to critical words that violate expected hostile vs. non-hostile intent of the behavior was analyzed. Prepotent response inhibition was measured using a Stop Signal task (SST) and DMs were assessed with the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-60). Results showed that reactive aggression and HIA were not significantly correlated with response inhibition but were significantly positively and negatively correlated with image distorting defense style and adaptive defense style, respectively. The present article has highlighted the importance of integrating socio-cognitive and psychodynamic models to account for the full complexity underlying psychological processes that influence reactive aggressive behavior.

scholarly journals Response inhibition on the stop signal task improves during cardiac contraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte L. Rae ◽  
Vanessa E. Botan ◽  
Cassandra D. Gould van Praag ◽  
Aleksandra M. Herman ◽  
Jasmina A. K. Nyyssönen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Cardiac Contraction ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals S76. PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE RESPONSE INHIBITION IN INDIVIDUAL WITH SCHIZOTYPY: AN ERP STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S63-S63
Author(s):  
Ya Wang ◽  
Lu-xia Jia ◽  
Xiao-jing Qin ◽  
Jun-yan Ye ◽  
Raymond Chan
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Present Event

Abstract Background Schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, have been found to show impairments in response inhibition. Recent studies differentiated proactive inhibition (a preparatory process before the stimuli appears) and reactive inhibition (the inhibition of a pre-potent or already initiated response). However, it remains unclear whether both proactive and reactive inhibition are impaired in schizotypy and what are the neural mechanisms. The present event-related potential study used an adapted stop-signal task to examine the two inhibition processes and the underlying neural mechanisms in schizotypy compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods A total of 21 individuals with schizotypy and 25 matched HC participated in this study. To explore different degrees of proactive inhibition, we set three conditions: a “certain” go condition which no stop signal occurred, a “17% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 17% of trials, and a “33% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 33% of trials. All participants completed all the conditions, and EEG was recorded when participants completed the task. Results Behavioral results showed that in both schizotypy and HC, the reaction times (RT) of go trials were significantly prolonged as the no go percentage increased, and HC showed significantly longer go RT compared with schizotypy in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions, suggesting greater proactive inhibition in HC. Stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) in “33% no go” condition was shorter than “17% no go” condition in both groups. Schizotypy showed significantly longer SSRTs in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions than HC, indicating schizotypy relied more on reactive inhibition. ERP results showed that schizotypy showed larger overall N1 for go trials than HC irrespective of condition, which may indicate a compensation process in schizotypy. Schizotypy showed smaller N2 on both successful and unsuccessful stop trials in “17% no go” conditions than HC, while no group difference was found in “33% no go” conditions for stop trials, which may indicate impaired error processing. Discussion These results suggested that schizotypy tended to be impaired in both proactive control and reactive control processes.

scholarly journals Reconsidering electrophysiological markers of response inhibition in light of trigger failures in the stop‐signal task

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Skippen ◽  
W. R. Fulham ◽  
P. T. Michie ◽  
D. Matzke ◽  
A. Heathcote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals How Inhibition Relates to Impulsivity after Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 890-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Rochat ◽  
Catia Beni ◽  
Jean-Marie Annoni ◽  
Philippe Vuadens ◽  
Martial Van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Problematic Behaviors ◽  
Severe Tbi

AbstractImpulsive behaviors and poor inhibition performances are frequently described in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, few studies have examined impulsivity and associated inhibition impairments in these patients. Twenty-eight patients with moderate to severe TBI and 27 matched controls performed a stop-signal task designed to assess prepotent response inhibition (the ability to inhibit a dominant or automatic motor response) in a neutral or emotional context and a recent negative task to assess resistance to proactive interference (the ability to resist the intrusion into memory of information that was previously relevant but has since become irrelevant). Informants of each patient completed a short questionnaire designed to assess impulsivity. Patients showed a significant increase in current urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance when retrospectively compared with the preinjury condition. Group comparisons revealed poorer prepotent response inhibition and resistance to proactive interference performances in patients with TBI. Finally, correlation analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between urgency (the tendency to act rashly when distressed) and prepotent response inhibition in patients with TBI. This study sheds new light on the construct of impulsivity after a TBI, its related cognitive mechanisms, and its potential role in problematic behaviors described after a TBI. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)

ERP correlates of response inhibition after-effects in the stop signal task

2010 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Upton ◽  
Peter G. Enticott ◽  
Rodney J. Croft ◽  
Nicholas R. Cooper ◽  
Paul B. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
After Effects
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