Factors Influencing the Quality of Life among Family Caregivers of the Elderly with Dementia

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify quality of life of family caregivers and to investigate factors positively and negatively affecting family caregivers’ quality of life.Methods: Participants were 153 family caregivers taking care of dementia elderly. Collected data were general characteristics, quality of life, care burden, depression, social support, family relationship, and problematic behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression.Results: Mean age of participants was 58.70±13.88. The average scores of main variables for family relationship, social support, quality of life, care burden, problematic behaviors and depression were 3.99±1.08, 3.34±0.84, 3.00±0.63, 1.96±0.51, 1.48±1.06, 1.17±0.71 and 1.13±0.61, respectively. In regression analysis, depression (β=-.20), subjective health (β=.26), social support (β=.23), education level (β=-.20), and care burden (β=-.22) accounted for 59.1% of the variance in quality of life.Conclusion: To increase quality of life for family caregivers, interventions should be focused on reducing depression and care burden, enhancing caregiver’s health and social support. especially for family caregivers who received lower education.

Problem Behaviors of Children from Multicultural and Mono-cultural Families in Korea: Differences in Behavior Evaluations between Parents and Teachers

In recent years, multicultural families are increasing in Korea. In such multicultural families, there may be language and interpersonal difficulties that affect the children. Given the possibility of real problems affecting academics and the potential for bias, the perceptions of parents and teachers is of vital importance. In this study, parents' and teachers’evaluations of problem behaviors of 405 elementary school students were collected on the Korean Child Behavior Checklist and the Korean Teacher's Report Form. Studies have shown that parents in multicultural families tend to rate their children's problems more seriously than in mono cultural families in the areas of Withdrawal/Depressed, Attention Problems, and Rule-Breaking Behaviors.Teachers rated boys from multicultural families as more problematic with Withdrawal/Depressed, Attention Problems, Rule-Breaking Behaviors, and overall scores than boys from monocultural families. Parents tended to take their child's problematic behaviors more seriously than teachers.In general, younger students were found to be more vulnerable to behavioral problems. This may indicate that an intervention is needed to help the children acculturate.

Variables predicting the association between autistic traits and externalizing symptoms among young adults

Purpose Considering the high comorbidity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with externalizing disorders and that ASD is considered as a continuum, which implies the identification of it features in the whole population, the purpose of this paper is to know the characteristics of the association of externalizing symptoms in the population with ASD traits. Design/methodology/approach One hundred and seventeen postsecondary students participated in the study, providing responses to a battery of self-reported tests. Findings The existence of a significant association between ASD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (0.519; p < 0.01) was proved. Regression analyses showed that problems in executive functioning, working memory deficits and difficulties in the use of emotion regulation strategies predicted the presence of ADHD traits (F = 36.757, R2 = 62.3%, p < 0. 01) and impulsivity behavior (F = 18.249, R2 = 45.1%, p < 0.01). Research limitations/implications Externalizing symptomatology in people with higher ASD traits is extended to the general population. Future research should study other problematic behaviors, such as aggression or self-harm, to continue generating appropriate interventions. Originality/value The results reported reinforce the study of ASD as a dimensional disorder, in line with the latest advances in the classification of psychopathology. Considering which variables are behind the problematic behaviors allows interventions to be focused on these factors, contributing to their reduction and to the improvement of professional practices.

Building Cohesive Teams—The Role of Leaders’ Bottom-Line Mentality and Behavior

Team cohesiveness plays a crucial role in effective teamwork, innovation, and improved performance, and as such, its development among team members is an essential part of team management. However, it may be disregarded by leaders with a high bottom-line mentality (BLM; a single-minded focus on the bottom line at the expense of other values or priorities). These leaders may show little interest in other priorities, such as ethical, social, or environmental considerations, and may be tempted to push their followers to go above and beyond what is expected, even if it means bending the rules, cutting corners, or engaging in other ethically problematic behaviors. We argue that although a team leader’s BLM may motivate followers to come together around the pursuit of a common goal, it may come at the expense of nurturing healthy interpersonal relationships, trust, and other important social resources within the team. Specifically, we argue that the way leaders with a high BLM approach their goals may affect team cohesiveness, and that it is particularly negative for female leaders. Using a large multi-national study, we found that this happens through increased directive and lowered participative leader behaviors.

Beyond Misperception–Two Types of Mental Model Errors in a Dynamic Decision Task

This article contributes to research on mental models and how they underpin decision policies. It proposes a framework for the joint use of mental models of dynamic systems and the theory of mental models initiated by Johnson&ndash;Laird and defines two types of errors: (1) misrepresentation of the system&rsquo;s structure, and (2) failure to deploy relevant mental models of possibilities. We use a dynamic decision task based on Moxnes&rsquo; &ldquo;reindeer experiment&rdquo; to formulate three intuitive policies, their underlying mental models, and the reasoning, and evaluate the policies under varying initial conditions. Each of the policies generates problematic behaviors like dependance on initial conditions, underperformance because of flawed goal setting and oscillation due to leaving the delay in a feedback loop out of account. We identify errors of both types in the mental models and relate them to the behavioral problems. Limitations and questions for further research conclude the paper.

PENGUJIAN RELIABILITAS ALAT UKUR THE PARENTING STYLES AND DIMENSION QUESTIONNAIRE (PSDQ)

Parenting pattern is a treatment of parents in terms of educating children, which includes a variety of behaviors to influence the behavior of the child. In today's society there is still a phenomenon where parents use violence to punish children, and is often interpreted as an educational punishment.There are still parents who do not realize that educating with violence can have a psychological impact on the child and potentially create problematic behaviors, trauma experiences to severe psychological disorders. The purpose of this study is to conduct psychometric tests on measuring instruments namely, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Psdq measuring instrument used is the result of adaptation from Riany (2018) so it is already in the form of Indonesian language and indeed for use in Indonesia. This research uses quantitative method with sampling technique which is purposive sampling. The content validity test is conducted using an expert test of the statements in the questionnaire. The results of the evaluation from experts state that the whole item can be used without revision. The number of participants involved as many as 2153 participants consisting of father / mother. Research sites include Jakarta, Bandung, and Purwokerto. Reliability tests performed using internal consistency coefficient tests with Cronbach's alpha.. The results showed that 3 dimensions (permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian) in PSDQ proved to be valid and reliable. Total items in PSDQ measurement now 31 items, that means drop 1 item. Pola asuh merupakan suatu perlakuan orang tua dalam hal mendidik anak, yang meliputi beragam perilaku guna mempengaruhi perilaku anak. Dalam kondisi masyarakat saat ini masih ditemukan fenomena dimana orang tua menggunakan kekerasan untuk menghukum anak, dan seringkali dimaknai sebagai hukuman yang mendidik. Masih ada orang tua yang belum menyadari bahwa mendidik dengan kekerasan dapat menimbulkan dampak psikologis bagi anak dan berpotensi menciptakan perilaku-perilaku bermasalah, pengalaman trauma hingga gangguan psikologis berat.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan uji psikometri pada alat ukur yaitu, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Alat ukur PSDQ yang digunakan adalah hasil adaptasi dari Riany (2018) sehingga sudah dalam bentuk bahasa Indonesia dan memang untuk digunakan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik sampling yaitu purposive sampling. Uji validitas isi dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji pakar terhadap pernyataan dalam kuesioner. Hasil evaluasi dari pakar menyatakan bahwa keseluruhan butir dapat digunakan tanpa revisi. Jumlah partisipan yang dilibatkan sebanyak 2153 partisipan yang terdiri dari ayah/ibu. Lokasi penelitian meliputi Jakarta, Bandung, dan Purwokerto. Uji reliabilitas yang dilakukan menggunakan uji koefisien konsistensi internal dengan Cronbach’s alpha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 3 dimensi (permissive, authoritative, authoritarian) dalam alat ukur PSDQ terbukti valid dan reliabel. Jumlah butir berkurang 1 butir, sehingga jumlah butir yang awalnya 32 berubah menjadi total 31 butir.

Beyond Behavior: Prevalences, Penalties, and Ethno-racial Inequalities in Poverty

Ethno-racial differences in poverty are substantial and persistent in the US. To explain these differences, scholars have relied largely on behavioral explanations, which argue that poverty is the result of high prevalences of problematic behaviors or “risks.” Given substantial differences in the prevalence of risks, scholars intuit that ethno-racial differences in poverty are explained by disproportionately high prevalences of risks in Black and Latino populations. However, these approaches rely heavily on untested assumptions regarding the relationship between risks and poverty rates. Using the 1993-2016 Current Population Survey and the Urban Institute’s TRIM3 model to derive high-quality estimates of income and poverty, I confirm persistent and substantial ethno-racial differences in poverty. Next, I employ a prevalences and penalties framework to compare risks in Black, Latino, and white-lead households. This framework is then leveraged to estimate counterfactual models to predict Black and Latino poverty rates given alternative prevalences of risks. The findings demonstrate that if the prevalence of risks for Black and Latino Americans was equal that of whites, poverty rates would remain over twice as high for Black and Latino individuals compared to whites. Furthermore, even when risks are eliminated for Black and Latino Americans, poverty remains substantially higher compared to whites. These findings undermine behavioral approaches to understanding poverty and point to the need for scholars to pursue alternatives, including structural and political explanations.